Frankenstein :: Essays Papers

Frankenstein3The conflict in the story Frankenstein is self vs. another. original Frankenstein is a populace interested in chemistry, who alters dead flesh therefore creating a passinghuman being of rotted corpses.Mr. Frankenstein is very interested in chemistry, and he basically tries to dramatic play God by creating a life in a laboratory. However, the life that he makes is a monster. One day Frankenstein receives a letter telling of the ending of his brother William. Justine Morizt, a family friend, was the presumed murder of William. However, when approached, the monster confesses to awful slaying of schoolmasters brother. The monster claimed that he was trying to get back at Frankenstein for unnaturally giving him life. The monster did not know right from wrong and he especially did not mean to kill anybody. As the story continued, the monster demanded that Victor create a female companion. At first, Victor agrees to the monters proposal. However, he soon realize s that another super being would harm the life of not except him, but those who he loved. Still, the monster wants revenge on Frankenstein, and so everything in Victors life ends up being destroyed, including his wife and best friend.Frankenstein in a good example of why human beings should not try to play God and artificially create a being in a laboratory. With the technology that we have today, wouldnt it be scary to see what super human could be created in our labs?The first setting of Frankenstein is in Geneva, Switzerland. However, later in the story, the setting shifts back and forth throughout central Europe.Frankenstein was written in first person point of view. Mary Shelley, the author, probably chose to write this way because she entangle that it was important to know the thoughts and feelings of Victor Frankenstein, the main character.Frankenstein is a man who is totally interested in chemistry. Therefore, taking dead flesh, he artificially creates a super being. The monster is created by Victor. He does not know right from wrong. Therefore he kills Frankensteins brother, William. Later in the story he also kills Victors wife and best friend. William is Victors brother who is killed by the monster.

Essay --

Countless philosophies over centuries have overlooked and undermined the signifi after partce of autochthonous African religions. Africa is a mainland that has long been shrouded in a cover of misjudging and stigma. The general misguided judgments close to Africans are boundless and strike almost every part of African purchase order and social orders incorporating religion. Many of the religions do not write and document everything but rather add more importance to oral history and rituals. Colonization and philosophers deal Emile Durkheim have consciously or subconsciously stripped these religions of their value. Durkheim does not believe in animism because scientific laws or morals cannot back it up. Many indigenous African religions believe strongly in spirits and souls that link them to God. The idea of an isolated God does not make the supernatural un-important in Africa religions. Indigenous African indigenous religions share the same teachings like Christianity or Islam and we should not allow European philosophers as well as colonization diminishes its value. It is imperative to note that the soonest distributed perceptions about African Indigenous Religion are discovered in the reports of European voyagers, adventurers, preachers and frontier executors who interacted with the Africans in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Their works were not insightful or efficient studies yet easy perceptions and shallow records intended to speak to western mindset and group of onlookers. According to the film 50 Years Later you can grasp an understanding of the image philosophers and Europeans painted about Africans, like in the eighteenth century when Scottish philosopher David Hume said I am apt to shadowed the Negroes to be naturally inferi... ..., we revealed that regardless of a hardly a(prenominal) collaborations by the ethnic nationalities with drives of imperialism, it is not simple to completely re-make the vision and observation of the ind ividuals. While a few components of their social legacy have changed because of contacts with westernization, some different components that aggregate up into the peoples society have remained to a great extent unblemished, topical anesthetic and unaltered. In any case, pioneer attitude, and introductory biases and negativism have frustrated momentous research and usage for supportable advancement. This work is, hence, a clarion inspect for profound reflection that religion-social legacy has the limit for organizing deductive improvement generally. Society is crucial to societal improvement. There is underdevelopment in most nations in Africa in absolved of the fact that the foundations are broken.

rocke Essay -- essays research papers

Andrew Carnegie and the Rise of Big BusinessAndrew Carnegie was the pioneering tycoon of the 19th century. From his companies emerged the steel to fortify the infrastructures such as railroads, bridges, automobiles, and ships that would build a nation in need of direction. He was a major player in the transformation into the Industrial Revolution producing the steel to make machinery and dose possible. Carnegie built his empire from cost control, low prices, low profits, and high volume to make himself the richest man in the world. In his philanthropic stage of life, he became the worlds beneficiary to education, as he is responsible for the construction and donation of thousands of libraries in the U.S., Europe and around the world. Andrew Carnegie is remembered for many accomplishments that include his rise from rags to riches and his influences on the railroad, stock market, and branding iron and steel industries. Early YearsAndrew Carnegie was born into a very poor family fro m Dunfermline, Scotland. He moved to the United States with his family in 1848. Carnegie received his first job when he was 13 as a bobbin boy in a cotton mill at a mere $1.20 weekly wage. Carnegies macro break came in 1849, when he was hired at the OReilly Telegraph Company. With this job, Carnegie was able to learn many of the important structures of employment, which gave him important knowledge of commercial personal matters and the new economy. Carnegies second big break arose when Thomas Scott hired him to be the personal telegrapher and secretary. Carnegie gained hands on experience in the railroad when a derailment almost caused heavy stoppage. Carnegie was able to get the railroad moving again which gave him his first chance to be a leader. In 1859, Andrew Carnegie was appointed Superintendent of the Pittsburgh fraction at the age of 24. Carnegie was so good at his job that he was able to perfect the system of statistical control even further and maintain new managemen t innovations. From working with the railroad, great qualities were emerging that were to mark his later career. These qualities included, a hard work ethic, ability to master the details of a business very quickly, and act daring and forceful.New Investment Ventures In 1856, Andrew Carnegie was persuaded to buy some stock. He was loaned the money and b... .... This turned into a bad call because of the deaths and injuries do by Fricks view to bring in strikebreakers. If Carnegie would have gone with his normal action of closing down the plants until a new agreement could be made, Homestead never would have taken place. Carnegie wouldnt have had to regret this decision the rest of his life and the press wouldnt have criticized him the rest of his life.In conclusion, Andrew Carnegie is one of the greatest entrepreneurs that have ever lived. He was a Schumpeteran entrepreneur that changed the stream of the allocation of resources over time by introducing new departures into the flow of stinting life by creating the modern iron and steel industry. He set a standard that no other industrialists could match. He made million afterwards a million, learning and preparing to make even more money. He loved to make money but was unlike John D. Rockefeller or Cornelius Vanderbilt. Carnegie believed in qualification the most of his money, so he gave millions of dollars to different institutions and built many structures for people to learn. Andrew Carnegie will always be remembered as long as time passes as a philanthropist, businessman, and a great man.

Pride and Prejudice :: Pride Prejudice Essays

Pride and Prejudice                      In fact, Pride and Prejudice was originally entitled First Impressions. However, the novel is not altogether about first impressions. Although we can find the first impressions about the characters through the first few chapters, this book shows us the effects of those impressions on the individual characters--prejudices of the characters. The bill almost evenly describes the defects of Fitzwilliam Darcy who show pride at the beginning of the novel he speaks carelessly and insultingly to Elizabeth Bennet, and George Wickham who deceives others on purpose and conceals his truthless character. Elizabeth misunderstood both of them at first because of her prejudice.                       At first I have assumed that the title of this novel alludes clearly to Darcys pride and Eli zabeths prejudice. I also thought that the novel tells how Darcy and Elizabath inhibit their pride and prejudice. However, I realize that this over simplifies the authors purpose. We can certainly see that Elizabeth has pride as much as Darcy has. She is proud of her intelligence, comprehension and independence. Actually, Darcys pride disappears quite a bit early in this novel. By chapter 6, he is starting to change his attitudes towards her. He is humbling himself to be close to her.  This shows   Darcys change But no sooner had he made it to clear to himself and his friends that she had hardly a good feature in her face, than he began to find it was rendered uncommonly intelligent by the glorious expression of her dark eye (16 page) He began to wish to know more of her, and as a step towards conversing with her himself, attended to her conversation with others.  From this point, Darcys prejudice against Elizabeth begins to fade plot of ground her preju dice towards him still remains because he refused to dance with her at the ball. Her prejudice spreads throughout the book, and that prejudice is an outcome of her wounded pride.                      The main subject of this novel is wooing and marriage. Jane Austen, the author of Pride and Prejudice, shows and indirectly criticizes the 18th century Englands rural society and the pride of high class through several peoples marriages who are in varied social position.

Maurice Sendak :: essays research papers fc

&9Maurice Sendak may be the trump out-known peasantrens seed / illustrator in the world today. His artwork has become somewhat of an American icon some even became the basis of an advertising campaign for Bell Atlantic. This extremely capable genius was actually cultivating within Sendak since his childhood, and many different memories from his youth influenced the masterpieces he has created.&9Born in Brooklyn on June 10th (coincidently, my birthday) 1928, Sendak has illustrated over 70 books and written at least 15 himself. He has also derived animated films for many of his stories, as well as stage productions of Where The mistaken Things Are and very Rosie. Currently, he illustrates the animated series Little Bear on Nickelodeon. Sendak grew up a sickly child who was not allowed to go outside often. Therefore, being the youngest child in a family of three, he was left alone with his imagination. He enjoyed drawing and reading from an early age, but was often dissatis fied with the children books that were available to him. He essay to read what he called "real books" even when he was a young child he felt it was an embarrassment even to enter the childrens section of the library. Sendak writes the grammatical case of books he wished he had as a child entertaining stories which are not limited by any effort to make things so unsubdivided for children that they become mundane.&9Sendaks greatest influence as a writer was his father. Phillip Sendak was a wonderfully creative storyteller who amazed Maurice and his brother and sister. "He didnt edit," remarks Maurice in an interview with Marion Long. "Its funny, because thats what Im accused of now being a storyteller who tells children inappropriate things." Sendak strongly believes that children are curious by nature, and so he essential write stories which beckon the child to keep turning the pages. The best stories for children tell children exactly what they want to hear, with all the details. This is Sendaks goal in his stories.&9An abruptly amazing artist without any formal training, Sendak feels that his adoration for Mickey Mouse has influenced many of his illustrations. Sendak was calls Mickey Mouse one of the most dominant figures of his childhood. This "early best friend" influenced characters in his work, and many of the protagonists in the books he has written have first names beginning with the letter "M." He used Max for Where the Wild Things Are, Martin in Very Far Away, and Mickeys own name for In the Night Kitchen.

Maurice Sendak :: essays research papers fc

&9Maurice Sendak may be the outmatch-known babyrens condition / illustrator in the world today. His artwork has become somewhat of an American icon some even became the basis of an advertising campaign for Bell Atlantic. This extremely adroit genius was actually cultivating within Sendak since his childhood, and many different memories from his youth influenced the masterpieces he has created.&9Born in Brooklyn on June 10th (coincidently, my birthday) 1928, Sendak has illustrated over 70 books and written at least 15 himself. He has also derived animated films for many of his stories, as well as stage productions of Where The waste Things Are and actually Rosie. Currently, he illustrates the animated series Little Bear on Nickelodeon. Sendak grew up a sickly child who was not allowed to go outside often. Therefore, being the youngest child in a family of three, he was left alone with his imagination. He enjoyed drawing and reading from an early age, but was often dissati sfied with the children books that were available to him. He attempt to read what he called "real books" even when he was a young child he felt it was an embarrassment even to enter the childrens section of the library. Sendak writes the persona of books he wished he had as a child entertaining stories which are not limited by any effort to make things so candid for children that they become mundane.&9Sendaks greatest influence as a writer was his father. Phillip Sendak was a wonderfully creative storyteller who amazed Maurice and his brother and sister. "He didnt edit," remarks Maurice in an interview with Marion Long. "Its funny, because thats what Im accused of now being a storyteller who tells children inappropriate things." Sendak strongly believes that children are curious by nature, and so he mustiness write stories which beckon the child to keep turning the pages. The best stories for children tell children exactly what they want to hear, with all the details. This is Sendaks goal in his stories.&9An short amazing artist without any formal training, Sendak feels that his adoration for Mickey Mouse has influenced many of his illustrations. Sendak was calls Mickey Mouse one of the most dominant figures of his childhood. This "early best friend" influenced characters in his work, and many of the protagonists in the books he has written have first names beginning with the letter "M." He used Max for Where the Wild Things Are, Martin in Very Far Away, and Mickeys own name for In the Night Kitchen.

Explain Bentham’s Utilitarianism: (30 Marks)

Explain Benthams Utilitarianism (30 Marks) A man called Jeremy Bentham had a theory called the Utilitarianism theory. He was born in London at the time of the great scientific and social change and wrote The Principles of Morals and Legislation in 1789. Bentham had the theory that all human race seek delight and avoid pain at all costs. Utilitarianism has been described as an act or a rule rather than a theory. We irrupt this down into three parts -Motivation Bentham was a hedonists (Hedone is Greek for pleasure).Bentham suggests that humans are motivated by pleasure and seek to avoid pain in every circumstance. Bentham quoted Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do. Basically he is trying to say that humans pursue pleasure and fight to avoid pain, and believed that this was a clean fact, also that pleasure was the sole good and pain was the sole evil, meaning humans naturally seek and avoid it.For example smoking, people know that it go out defame them and damage their health but they smoke for the pleasure, giving up would be very difficult and would therefore cause pain that theyre trying to avoid. at that place are also very different examples from different peoples viewpoints such as.. * People who are motivated by pleasure A person lives their tone to go to Heaven. This means that the thought of going to Heaven (pleasure) motivates them to be a good person. * People who are motivated by pain A person lives their life to stay away from Hell.This means that the thought of going to Hell (pain) motivates them to be a good person. -Principle of utility utility means usefulness, this is Benthams righteous rule. Once Bentham had identified pleasure and pain (moral) he continued on to the utility regulation. This is where every action is judged by the rightness and wrongness by its utility (usefulness) to p roduce pleasure. Bentham said that pleasure is the cause of delight, so it can be used interchangeably in the utility principle, so an action that causes or roduces the most happiness is the most moral. Everything is based on the end result, if the duration causes pain but it means it will end in pleasure, the utility principle is applied. Bentham devised a theory about The sterling(prenominal) Happiness For The great Number.This is explained best when split into two parts * The Greatest Good- Good is the maximization of pleasure so if an action is right it will produce the greatest good for the greatest number. The more pleasure that an action produces the better it will be. Greatest number- The Democratic Theory is put in place, this is Benthams rule that pleasure cant be for one person alone. The maximum happiness for the most people should always been chosen when set with a range of choices in a moral decision. An example of The Principle of Utility using the Greatest happin ess for the greatest number theory would be the assignation of Hitler, yes a persons life would be taken and murder will be committed, but the death of one person would save many others peoples lives and cause happiness for the greatest number. Hedonic Calculus was Jeremy Benthams frame to measure how good/bad a consequence is. So if we was to calculate the greatest happiness for the greatest number, we must determine the quantity of happiness that will be produced from this action.The way that thus us evaluated is by applying these seven values 1. Intensity- How intense it is (strong). 2. Duration- How long it lasts. 3. Certainty/ uncertainty- How sure it will happen. 4. Remoteness- How near it is to happening. 5. Richness- Like poser of repetition, how much pleasure it will lead to. . Purity- How free from pain is it? 7. Extent- How far reaching will be the consequences. The Hedonic Calculus system is a denary assessment of situations, it is therefore concerned with the quantit y of pleasure (it produces the highest amount of pleasure) for the greatest amount of people. An example and the set out to figure out a moral dilemma would be a question like Should I abort my disabled child? -then to figure out if it would be more pleasurable or painful it would be set like so Pleasure Pain . Intensity 3/10 7/10 2. Duration 7/10 4/10 3. Certainty 9/10 8/10 4. Extent 7/10 6/10 5. Remoteness 8/10 6/10 6. Richness 8/10 5/10 7. Purity 2/10 7/10 Total result 44/70 43/70 So in conclusion- According to the hedonic calculus, the women would go and get an abortion because it would be the greatest good for the greatest number. So that is Benthams Utilitarianism Theory all explained through three parts, the Motivation of pain and pleasure, the Principle of Utility and the Hedonistic Calculus.

Ebay Case Study Essay

1. Describe EBays subtlety using the six characteristics describes in the prescribed text book according to the incarnate socialisation Index. Organisation Culture can be defined as a system of shared beliefs and behaviours such as the language they use in the cheek, values systems, feelings and attitudes among each other and the interaction and norms of the members in the organisation. This determines how the company, employees and management interact and proceed with business transactions. An organisations culture develops mostly over measure (Luthans, 2005). This set of beliefs is build within an organisation to create a sense of relation to employees and some clocks also consumers, it can be said that corporate culture is symbolic and identifies the organization as self. Corporate/organisational culture helps the organisation to achieve goals in their own way.A set of 20 cultural factors was developed by Henry Miglione, termed Corporate culture index (Brown and Harvey, 2006) The corporate culture index was developed to measure an organisations culture. These cultural factors include the following characteristicsMember Identity kindle be defined as the extent to which an employee indentifies with of within the organisation, taking into consideration their job and field of profession.Team EmphasisThe decimal point to with employees is able to attain in concert as a police squad rather thanfocusing on individual responsibilities, tasks and activities.People FocusThis involves the extend to which employees are empowered within the organisation.AutonomyThis involves the degree of independent and coordinated operation of the different departments within an organisation.ControlHow rules, regulations and direct supervision is used to control employee behaviour that leads to fall apart performance, and to what extent.Risk ToleranceThe accept and encouragement employees receive from the organisation to be more aggressive, innovative, challenging and risk s eeking to improve performance and development within the organisation.Describing EBays corporate culture trough using the 6 characteristics mentioned above.Member IdentityThe working environment is mundane and informal. Employees know what is judge from them and what they need to do. They stay focused on their goals. With the casual and informal atmosphere employees are able to identify with the organisation easier as they feel at home. In the case study the organisational vision and mission is describe ant this would make it easier for the employees to identify with the organisation if they know what their working towards or standing for. They feel comfortable in their working environment and this leads to a better sense of identifying with their working environment/organisation.Team EmphasisEmployees work every day, they understand that a daily contribution is necessary to reach the organisations goals, they even range talk in the tearoom.People FocusEBay empower staff by maki ng them brand executives that makes them brand orientated. Employees have freedom within the office to do their work in a casual and comfortable environment to enhance performance.AutonomyThe department or brand executive is responsible for the specific happenings in the department. Every department operates in a coordinated manner to assure threat every purchase is handled with the upmost importance. Whitmanis all about bottom position approach and performance.ControlEmployees know whats expected from them, the informal culture gives the employees a sense of comfort that can lead to better performance, although the approach is so far corporate it stays comfortable. There is no stick control. Employees are left to do their jobs without direct supervision. Employees have a drive to do their jobs as expected from them. The departments do not depend on one another so they know they are responsible for the completion of their responsibilities or tasks.Risk ToleranceNo risks were menti oned but referring to the case study and the departments employees will have a sense of competitiveness within the organisation against the different departments. EBay developed a target of profit users that they wanted to reach by the end of 2005. Their goals are innovative and reachable.2. Briefly explain the socialisation process.Socialisation is the process where a new employee within the organisation learns and develops the skills, social knowledge, behaviour, norms and values thats acceptable in the organisation. This usually follows after the introduction or training phase after an employee has been appointed, it can also be called learning the ropes. During socialisation an employee becomes aware of what is important in the organisation, what the organisation stands for and how things are being done. (Luthans, 2005)The socialisation process explainedNew employee expectationsNew employees that join the organisation need to become aware of all the organisational norms, values and procedures of operation within the organisation. During this phase they need to be able to recognise it. This phase is easier handled when the new employee receives a teach to help him/her through this process. (Brown and Harvey, 2006) The more the new employee adapts and learns the new culture the more comfortable they feel.Encounter organisational cultureA new employee needs to learn their work group, and establish a relationship between the different members of group or team they work in. The new employee should understand and identify the way of functioning among the team members this includes the norms and values thats used in the group. During this phase the new employee will develop positive relationships among colleges as well as support networks within the team or group. (Luthans, 2005)Adjustment to cultural normsThe employee needs to accept the organisations culture and adapt to it. Responses to socialism can be identified into three different groups they can carry o ff the values and norms of the organisation and become rebellious, the new employee can accept only a few of the values and norms and make peace with the rest in time or the new employee can accept all the values and norms of the organisation and fully adapt and adjust to the organisational culture, that will lead to a comfortable work and working atmosphere for the new employee.ResultWhen an organisations culture is developed in such a positive way the employees will improve production and performance. The organisations clime and culture are set in place to develop a mission and vision in the organisation. Employees should be allowed to adapt to the norms of adapt it as a whole for the advantage of the organisation. (Brown and Harvey, 2006)3. BibliographyBrown, D.R. and Harvey, D. (2006) An Experiential Approach to Organisational Development. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Pearson Education Inc.Luthans, F. (2005) Organisational Culture, Socialisation and mentoring. In Lut hans, F. Organisational behaviour. 10th ed. Boston McGraw cumulation Irwin, pp. 30-55.

State Auditing

STATE AUDITING IN THE PHILIPPINES Reported by MYRLA P. SEDENIO RUTH C. TACUJAN A. OBJECTIVES I. To Discuss the secernate canvass System 2. To Identify Issues and Limitations of organization canvassing 3. To Discuss the Mea veritablement of Government Performance B. INTRODUCTION The Filipino Constitution emphasizes the importance of answerability in the establishment. phrase XI simply and bluntly begins Public office is a public trust, before it adds that officials and employees should serve the people with responsibility, integrity, loyalty and efficiency. In the government budget cycle, accountability is laid down by the need for government agencies and de contributionments submit to submit quarterly and monthly income statements statements of allotment, obligations and balances along with other monetary reports and documents for visit a established process whereby the authenticity, accuracy and reliability of monetary accounts or proceedings ar checked and approved. on that point atomic number 18 several kinds of visit One is Financial Auditing wherein financial transactions and accounts are checked to cover the submitting government room has complied with the rules and regulations, specifically the pre-agreed and government accounting system. Another type is Performance Auditing whereby one is looking at the systems of the sanction to assess it has delivered on its baseal purpose and formula by linking the budgets with results or results-based budgets. An familiar audit, as the name suggests, an inside check on agency systems and processes.External Auditing involves an extracurricular audit body being brought in to look at the agency. Pre-auditing refers to auditing by agencies before approval of transactions plot of ground post-auditing is auditing by an independent body after. The Philippine government has agencies mandated to ensure accountability and transparency on its overall trading operations. These agencies are The Office of the Ombudsman, Sandiganbayan, Presidential Anti-Graft guardianship, the Civil Service Commission and primarily, for the purpose of this paper, the Commission on Audit. C. STATE AUDIT SYSTEMAuditing is the examination of culture by a third party other than the preparer or characterr with the intention of establishing its realibility, and the reporting of the results of this examination with the prevision of increasing the usefulness of the information to the user. Commission on Audit The Commission on Audit (COA) is the constitutional commission mandated to be the supreme audit institution of the government. It has jurisdiction over national government agencies, local government units, government-owned and controlled corporations and non-government organizations receiving benefits and subsidies from the government.The Constitution identified the following functions for the Commission 1. Examine, audit and settle all accounts pertaining to the revenue and taxation of, and expe nditures or uses of finances and property owned or held in trust by, or pertaining to, the government 2. Promulgate accounting and auditing rules and regulations including those for the prevention and disallowance of irregular, unnecessary, excessive, extravagant or outrageous expenditures, or uses of government funds and properties 3.Submit annual reports to the President and the Congress on the financial condition and operation of the government 4. Recommend measures to improve the efficiency and potential of government operations 5. Keep the general accounts of government and preserve the vouchers and supporting papers pertaining thereto 6. Decide any case brought before it within 60 days 7. Perform such other duties and functions as may be provided by law. COA, as the other constitutional commissions are mandated, is headed by a lead and two Commissioners appointed by the President and the Commission on Appointments of Congress.It to a fault enjoys fiscal autonomy which means its appropriations must be released regularly and automatically. The Commission also deploys resident auditors in all national government agencies, local government units and government-owned and controlled corporations pursuant to its mandate to review each agencys financial operations in a risk-based audit approach. The Commission on Audit (COA) has developed and introduced a risk-based audit approach (RBAA) that emphasizes the need for the auditors to focus on high-risk areas that are potential breeding grounds for graft and corruption.Auditing plays an important role in public finance, the Auditing Code of the Philippines was promulgated in 1979 (P. D. 1445). As it proceeds mainly from the basic law, the Code amplifies, elaborates, specifies, and run throughs Under the declaration of policy in the Auditing Code, it is stated that all resources of the government shall be managed, spent and utilized in accordance with law and regulations and rampart against loss or wastage thr ough illegal or improper disposition, with a view to ensuring efficiency, frugality and effectiveness in the operations of government.COA reports In order to actualize its audit functions, COA produces different kinds of reports. A study by the Philippine National Budget Monitoring Project identified and explained each of these 1. Regular Annual Audit Report of each NGA, LGU and GOCC 2. Consolidated Annual Financial Report for NGAs, LGUs and GOCCs 3. Special Audit Reports 4. Circulars and other Issuances The Annual Audit Reports contain the results of the audit pointed on the financial statements submitted by agencies, local government units and government-owned and controlled corporations to COA auditors.The results are shown in the form of audit opinions indicating how the agencies faired with their financial statements at the end of each fiscal year. The types of audit opinions are flat (U), Qualified (Q), indecent (A) and Disclaimer (D). An Unqualified Opinion refers to the clean opinion or the agency reflected the results of the financial statements fairly, which means its operations and the financial condition in a period of measure based on existing government accounting standards, and in obligingness with government laws, rules and regulations.A Qualified Opinion means that an agency reflected fairly except for some specific transactions and/or accounts that ca-ca been found to be problematic, either improper, questionable or needs further explanations. Adverse opinion means that the financial statements did not fairly present its results of operations and financial condition of the agency, and are not in compliance with prescribed laws and relevant guide subscriber lines. Lastly, the Disclaimer opinion means that there is no sufficient buns to form any opinion for an agency does not keep or submit its records of financial accounts and transactions.An audit report has the following parts Audit Certificate, which shows the audit opinion, the F inancial Statements, Major Findings and Observations which explains if there are defects in the compliance of accounting and auditing rules and policies, and Recommendations to the entities. In turn, COA checks if these measures were conformed by the entity on the next years annual audit report. The Consolidated Annual Financial Reports on the other hand show the financial performance of the public sector in general.Each level has a volume of the consolidated financial report, one each for NGAs, LGUs and GOCCs. These are based on the audit reports of each entity. These reports contain the financial condition and highlights of agencies, local government units and government corporations. These reports also reflect the financial resources of the government, even the off-budget accounts or funds that are not subject to annual appropriations. Interestingly, these reports are the only source where one can be informed about funds that are not sourced out from appropriations.Special Audit Reports are purposely for investigation, in response to a request by interested parties or by a directive from Congress. The Commission has already undergone special(a) audit reports on the countrys outstanding debt and special purpose funds such as the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act and procurement of the plane section of Public Works and Highways. GAFMIS The Government Accountancy and Financial Management Information System (GAFMIS) is a financial database which keeps the general accounts of the government.It is spearheaded by the COA so as to implement its mandated function. Thru this, the appropriations are verified and allotment releases to agencies are ensured not to exceed the appropriations. From the Department of Budget Management (DBM), copies of Agency Budget Matrices (ABM) and Special Allotment release Orders (SARO) are submitted to GAFMIS and these make up the Registry of Appropriations and Allotments. The GAFMIS is also essential because it assists gover nment agencies with the Electronic New Government Accounting System (e-NGAS).It is a computerized program of the New Government Accounting System wherein budget transactions, allotments and obligations are recorded and monitored electronically. It also helps in streamlining the New Government Accounting System which provides the new accounting policies in the government. several(prenominal) of the basic features of the new system are the Accrual accounting and One-fund concept. Accrual accounting recognizes the income when earned and expenses when incurred as oppose to recognizing income when cash is earned and expenses when paid. infixed control and the internal control system Internal control is defined as a process effected by an organizations structure, work and authority flows, people and management information systems which are designed to help it accomplish its goals. It is a means by which an organizations resources are directed, monitored, and measured. It plays an importa nt role in preventing and detecting fraud and protecting the organizations resources. Internal audit is an integral part of internal control. It maintains efficiency and effectiveness in operations.It looks at the reliability of financial transactions in reports by making sure that they are in accordance with rules and regulations. Several provisions in the Philippines have signified the internal control in the government such as character 123 of the amended Presidential Decree 1445, the Administrative Code 1987 and Government Accounting and Auditing Manual guided by worldwide standards thru the internationalistic Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Organization for Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI). The INTOSAI also formulated standards for the internal control systems in the public sector.It has emphasized that internal control systems shall be in line with the characteristics, values and context of the public organizations. In line with these provisions, the Government has formulated the National Government Internal Control System (NGICS) through the efforts of the DBM and resource and source panels from various government agencies. It serves as a guide to government agencies in putting up internal control systems. It aims to strengthen accountability, safeguard assets, promote efficiency, economy and effectiveness in the operations and adhere with the policies of the organization. D.Issues and Problems of Government Auditing In her public budgeting and accounting class, the late professor Emilia Boncodin stressed some issues on COAs mandate and the accounting and auditing system of the government as follows 1. The audit system looks only on the agencies compliance with the accounting standards and laws in the financial reports instead of finding if the agencies have properly allocated their appropriate budgets. 2. Reporting of the GOCCs entire budget What is reported in the government budget documents regarding the GOCCs are the budgetary support to government corporations or subsidies only.Yet, COA audits the corporate operating expenses on the entire budget of government corporations. 3. Lax in penalizing because COA is limited to recommendatory functions only Adverse/disclaimer audit opinions and recommendations by COA to government agencies do not have the corresponding penalties or sanctions if they are not acted upon and followed. An example is DPWHs audit report where it has been given an adverse opinion for the quondam(prenominal) 18 years. 4. Pre-Audit vs. Post audit Each type of audit has its own problems.Postaudit is disadvantageous because it involves final evaluation of financial transaction that is after the funds have already been disbursed. Pre-audit however, ironically defeats the overall essential purpose of auditing because financial transactions are assessed beforehand. In the past, COA had been operating on post audit basis since 1995-2009 when COA circular 2009-002 reinstituted the s elective pre-auditing due to rising incidents and anomalous disbursements. However, Circular 2009-003 in June 16 2009 suspended some of the provisions in the earlier circular to ensure uniformity and consistency in its implementation.On COA reports The Philippine National Budget Monitoring Project has identified the following limitations that affect the importance of COA reports in ensuring accountability 1. seasonableness COAs deadline on the submission of reports is not parallel to the schedule of budget preparation. Audit and financial reports must be submitted by end of September while budget preparation time ends in July when the Congress session opens. The timings would thus work best if reversed since the reports should serve as aids in reviewing the agencies budgets in time for budget legislation.Given the reality, the value of COAs reports being used as tools to determine the status of government entities in terms of financial performance and compliance with rules are null ified. 2. Completeness Audit reports of agencies are not completed on time due to inability of personnel and time constraints. In effect, this puts problems in reviewing the budget and in making the annual financial reports. 3. Availability Although COAs website is useful in terms of the reports posted, many reports from agencies including those from LGUs and GOCCs are currently missing. 4. Contestability of findingsThere are issues on COAs findings on its reports. First is that the some of the past findings have not been resolved yet or the so-called hereditary balance sheets. An example is the disallowances that must be deducted by agencies to employees. However, these have not been resolved even if some personnel have already left the service or died. Secondly, there is the inconsistency of audit rules by resident auditors. In some agencies, the rules of past auditors and new auditors differ like deductions that were not present in the past have already been installed at the tim e the new auditor comes to office.The third issue is the unreasonable application of rules and regulations in auditing. Some expenses are disallowed even if it yields good results. The last issue is the inability of auditors to say the situation of agencies operations. The operations have complexities that emergencies become inevitable and it is hard for them to look at the reasons for the issues in operations. 5. Feasibility of recommendations The COAs recommendations on reports are not of all time being followed by agencies and these are already beyond the control of the institution. 6. Conflict of interestCOA auditors are still considered as mere mortals that may experience biases, influences and errors in judgment. There are often claims that some auditors are complicit in bribery and graft. On internal control and the internal control system The NGICS has identified the following limitations of internal control Human error, i. e. , errors in judgment such as internal auditors biases/conflict of interest, negligence, misunderstanding, fatigue, distraction, collusion, abuse, etc. 1. Shifts in government policies or programs 2. imaging constraints 3. Organizational changes and 4. Management attitudeE. Measurement of Government Performance Under COA cloture No. 2002-005 dated May 17, 2002, the Special Audit Office was renamed Management operate to expand its services to include a. Conduct of Value-For-Money audits and related operations review activities. b. Provide management consultancy services to other government agencies in such areas as * Organization * Strategy Formulation * Financial Feasibility * Strategic Planning * Other related areas c. Coordinate with all offices of the Commission for the purpose of establishing feedback mechanisms on utilize innovations. d.Formulate recommendations to the Chairman on the adoption of the most appropriate systems for the enhancement of operations. e. Perform such other functions as may be assigned. Recently, the Office is assigned to conduct Rate and Levy audits. The functions Conduct of Value-For-Money (VFM) Audit This audit is concerned with the review of management efficiency with the end in view of eliminating waste and promoting efficient use of public funds and resources and the ascertainment of the agencys effectiveness by determining whether desired results have been achieved and programs have accomplished their purposes and objectives.Approaches in the conduct of VFM audits Agency-based approach An audit of a particular program, project or activity of a selected agency. Government-wide and Sectoral Performance Audits Government-wide and Sectoral Performance Audits are new approaches adopted by the Commission under COA Resolution No. 98-005 dated March 3, 1998. While these types of audits were introduced in 1998, it was only in 2002 that these approaches were operationalized under the COA-UNDP AusAID Project entitled Enhancing the Public Accountability Programme of the Philippin e Commission on Audit.Government-wide audit is the simultaneous examination of a management function or activity in a number of government agencies which is pass judgment to provide * basic data for comparing practices and operations between and among government agencies in the same sector or with the whole government * collated data of practices in various government agencies that could show the magnitude or insignificance of deficiencies in the system * audit criteria which are supported by best practices * awareness on the part of auditors and the auditees of how their agency compares with other government agencies in terms of objectives, functions, operations, internal and administrative controls, and output and * opportunities to the audited agency for benchmarking with other government agencies.On the other hand, the Sectoral Audit refers to an audit of programs or activities that are delivered by more than one government agency and is expected to provide * an overall picture of how various segments of a program are implemented and possibly lead to the identification of areas where improvements can be introduced * audit criteria or benchmark for future audits of government programs by various government agencies * basis for auditors to make believe that program difficulties may not lie with a single agency but possibly with the way the agencies involved in the program work in concert * an arena for airing program difficulties by audited agencies and * opportunity for making changes in the program, if necessary.

Internal/External Factors Affecting Management Planning Essay

inwrought/External Factors at across the country Insurance across the nation Insurance has been serving their policyholders for 75 years. As with anything change is inevit open. Nationwide takes great satisfaction in the fact that the judicature has been suit equal to change with the times.Rapid changeNationwide Insurance is one of the largest and most competitive policy companies in the market. Nationwide is so competitive beca deduct they do non limit the company to dealing with only insurance. Nationwide Insurance is a large makeup that has a variety of businesses within the organization. There is a Nationwide Bank, Nationwide Financial, Nationwide Property and Casualty and Nationwide General Insurance Company to material body a few.The Nationwide organization recognizes a read for providing the best service possible to the policyholders which in motivates the company to keep up with other items being offered by competitors. This is as well as adriving factor in motivati ng the company to keep up with other items being offered by competitors. Nationwide has to be fitted to surpass what the competitor is offering. The insurance business is an ever ever-ever-changing business. Laws shadow change from state to state and with no hesitation Nationwide has to be able to meet the guidelines determined by the law at any given time. engineering scienceTechnology is constantly changes, which in turn is changing what Nationwide strives to achieve. Nationwide is amongst the leaders from a technological perspective. When the mesh became the strain for advancing into new markets Nationwide realized that it did non matter if they could offer products on the internet if they could not track what the c every last(predicate) up on investment (ROI) would be to continue increasing the website functionality. What they did was create a ground breaking computer program/ gibe they refer to as the data w atomic number 18house.This program would allow them to mea fo r certain Web success and gain an ROI calculate operational savings determine the success of online and offline advertising that directs traffic to nationwideinsurance.com track the popularity of different online programs and projects (Carpenter, 2003, 2). This in any casel offered Nationwide information and statistics that no other insurance company had the engineering science to monitor. Other insurance companies were able to create quoting but were only able to use it in a small number of markets. They were hesitant whether it would be beneficial (Carpenter, 2003). Nationwide does not have to question the value of their online offers because they are able to produce the statistics to guide them in devising the ripe decisions.Technology combined with innovation is how companies get the leading edge over their competitors. How important is engineering? One lawsuit from the article the Info Tech 100 is the company Motorola. They were ranked 11th last year on the Tech 100 lis t and dropped off this year. During 2006 they had marvelous success with their razor phones and had a new phone on the market that everyone wanted. There was nothing to follow the success of the razor, Motorolas engineering science feel behind, and they were not making much advanced phones available. The other phone carriers were selling more cutting edge phones for a lower price. Not keeping up with the changingtechnology can have a significant impact on any organization (Ante et al. 2007).InnovationInsurance might not automatically unwrap some as an information technology industry selling and administering policies arent obviously technical pursuits (Maagolis, 2007).It is difficult to imagine how insurance relates to innovation. But innovation is what keeps Nationwide ahead in the insurance industry. It is simple to find something that works and want to continue to use it. But Nationwide realizes it is not realistic, if they are not making changes they are falling behind thei r competitors. As an example, the computer systems being utilize have to be able to keep up with the constant change. What this means to Nationwide is that we have to be thinking ahead. Nationwide employs 6000 associates specifically in the Information Technology field (Maagolis, 2007). Nationwide is a company that has been around for over 70 years. They are constantly assessing what changes need to be made and what is the most efficient approach to making the updates.It is a massive task taking an organization that is working on outdated legacy systems and getting on the right platform. This is why Nationwide has to innovative as they are making modifications for systems they want to do it right so it will be advanced enough that they wont have to make changes again next year. Nationwide was prizeed the technology innovation award in 2006 for the data warehouse program explained earlier. This was ground breaking, it is one place that collects data from the entire enterprise and p ut it in one database (DSS Resources, 2006). Every organization needs to continue to develop and implement changes that give them the competitive advantage.Internal/External Factors at GTECH CorporationGTECH Corporation is a technology company whose encumbrance business is the lottery. There are many internal and external factors that impact the four functions of counsel one important factor that GTECH has a very knockout hold on is business ethics.EthicsGTECH Corporation (2007) goes as far as to advertise their Code of Conduct on their web site so that it is visible to customers, applicants andemployees. The website states, The Company conducts its business in an ethical manner, with integrity, trust, respect, and fair dealing. These values should govern our conduct in every decision we make (Corpo say Governance, 2007). Zablow (2006, p. 26) states Foremost in the creation of an ethical culture is the personal integrity of organization leadership, which is essential for creating and sustaining an effective and value-based tone from the top. It has often been said that a deterrent to unethical doings is ethical leadership.GTECH trains each newly hired employee on their Code of Conduct as part of the new hire orientation employees also contain a video message from the President of the company so that they understand that ethics does start at the top of the organization. Zablow (2006) also reports that each level of employee should be trained on the business ethics of the facility and would be beneficial to hear this message from a CEO. GTECH also has an annual recertification, where each and every employee is necessary to be re-trained on the policy and even take an assessment to ensure that they understood the expectations and training. Unethical behavior can have a very prohibit impact on business and management functions, so ensuring that ethics is valued is a byplay of everyone in the organization.DiversityEmbracing transformation is something that GTECH has certainly fare accustomed to. They are a global company who is a wholly owned subsidiary of an Italian Corporation. They are familiar with adapting to change and embracing ideas that are different from the way that things are done. GTECH has even adopted a leadership program called Global Leadership Development where a select group of employees from all different backgrounds sleep together together as a team and learn best practices and best ship canal to do things many times a various(a) approach is adopted. Ewing (2007, p. 70) states .a diversity statement on the companys Web site is nice, but meaningless Companies need to invest time and resources to support diversity through formal training, team coaching and individual mentorship. This is certainly the approach that GTECH is making, this program, even though designed for twenty employees per year costs the company hundreds of thousands of dollars. This is not a bad investment for the value of diversity.TechnologyT echnology is important to any organization however one that calls them a technology company, this factor even holds greater value. The fun marketplace is one of a very competitive nature and winning a contract does not always boil exhaust to price it comes down to innovation and technology. GTECH has been the leader in this industry for sometime, however the technology has not changed much in the past years, and the company realized this. GTECH knows and understand in golf-club to stay on top they products that they sell must be cave in than they rest, their technology has to shine, the competition is always trying to find ways to be better and they have to do that too.This year they created Innovation week this is when the Chief Technology Officer pushed an initiative to engage employees to gather new ideas. That will help GTECHs revenue grow as well as provide GTECH with a competitive edge and diversity the core business. This program was launched in June and had over twelve h undred ideas from employees. This response is overwhelming but some wonderful technological ideas have come from this practice. Technology is always changing and to stand above the competition and be the leader in the industry senior leaders and managers from every angle must listen to ideas to keep GTECHs product the best of the best.Internal/External Factors at United Parcel ServicesGlobalizationUnited Parcel Service has customers all around the globe. Expanding and keeping a global atmosphere is a emergency for a company this large. Globalization is key when marketing and working with customers around the globe. Constantine E. Passaris (2006, pg.3), writes, The new global economy of the 21st Century has transformed the economic, social, educational, and political landscape in a profound and indelible manner. Never before in human history has the pace of morphologic change been more pervasive, rapid, and global in its context. The economy, not only businesses are constantly exp anding and utilizing outer areas to make profit. UPS does this also, by having one of the largest shipping areas in the knowledge base it can reach all areas of the world quickly. UPS provides spry, reliable service for customers around the globe. Managers and employees are constantly finding ways to get things done faster and better than the competitor.TechnologyTechnology makes the success of globalization happen. Without new technological innovations UPS would not expand. Companies depend on the newest and latest gadgets to help serve customers in a fast and timely manner. UPS wants happy customers and to provide fast service to the ever expanding market. With computer technology packages get delivered fast and are guaranteed. This is done through a tracking system that managers monitor fooling and can find any package with a tracking number anywhere. For this tracking system to be successful many parts of the four functions of management are essential. Good planning has to be in order, along with clear instructions. Employees need to be aware of what is happening on a daily basis and need to know if changes are to occur. Managers must communicate with employees and fork out some flexibility when needed. Management teams must conduct meetings that include all members participating in these tasks. Managers should show initiative in further expanding their education and skills to help service the company. Constantine E. Passaris (2006, pg. 3), also states Life long reading and the continuous upgrading of skills as well as the structural reorganization of the work place have puzzle essential parameters of a countrys contemporary economic profile.The knowledge based economy is fuelled by technology, human capital, and research and development which contribute to accelerating levels of productivity and economic performanceRapid ChangeWhen companies base their profits on technology, managers and employees need to show interest in higher education to keep up with constant changes occurring. Jennifer Schramm (2006, pg. 160) wrote an article discussing the constant changing technological advances in companies today. She states, The rapid turnover of technological knowledge could solicit that employee education be embedded in everyday working life. It could also lead to skills shortages as fewer and fewer individuals prove capable of managing increasingly involved technologies employee education is a necessity to keep up with all the changes that are constantly happening in todays companies. Ideas are rapidly changing it is difficult to keep up. UPS is also constantly changing, exploring, inventing and finding ways to better serve its customers and employees.Internal and External Factors at US AirwaysUS Airways Airline have a largeamount of diversity, because is a national and international company, with a large group of workers who come from different background.The difference in ethnicity, gender and nationality. When different plent y interact with each other it reduces the importance of superficial and increases the importance of diversity for how their team functions.DiversityAt US Airways they make individuals feel at home, they all share their divers(prenominal) knowledge with each other. When they share with a team the task has a bit of everyone ideas and each idea come from different culture, everyone think different, it could be because of where they come from, but as long as the multicultural ideas are effective and work for the company, there are no worries. Its diverse group of talented people is the most powerful force driving the corporation. US Airways recognized it cannot succeed by excluding any potential valuable employee.EthicsUS Airways never denied employment to anyone, because of their nationality, manner of speaking or any other reason. At US Airways people from all over the world brood each other with respect, the same way as the agents treat their passengers, regardless of their natio nality or sex. Lots of Managers and directors believe in different life style, and those who dont once they start working at US Airways they become part of the team. I make us fly. At work sometimes they find themselves too comfortable and they might speak their native language without realizing that there are others around that feel uncomfortable imputable to the fact that their unable to understand the conversation. At their work place they work as a team.TechnologyTechnology is a lot easier, at US Airways it eliminates a lot of manual work done by employees in a whole. Payroll used to be done manually employees were responsible for submitting a time sheet every two weeks now instead is done electronically on a daily basis. Their time clocks have also been updated to a more modern one. The schedules for all employees were usually generated manually know is also done by computer, technology have upgrade since 1998, US Airways update their system every year. Up until 2006 US Airways did not have a windows program in their system, or internetaccess.Internal/External Factors at the City of TustinE- fearBusiness that is carried out electronically over the World Wide Web (www) is called E-Business. Internet companies benefited from this new rage that started over sevensome years ago because of the services that they provided. E-Business helps to conduct fast and easy access to purchase products and converse with people as a form of communication. This allows companies to converse globally without need of worrying about the different time zones, languages, or different currencies. The communication factor is quick and efficient, and most people are dependant on the rapid responses to inquiries.Experts in information technology and ethics have separated categories of organization to add to the Web into e-business structures (1) organizations that have a passive presence online and focus on online advertising, (2) organizations that use the Web to improve operations , and (3) organizations that create stand-alone transaction sites as their main or only business (Berkshire, 2004.) Have companies become too reliant on these types of services? The internet has allowed the City of Tustin to change their form of communication and have relied on the fact that the economy is competitive, changed strategies of planning, and require the capability of playing tasks in a timely manner.TechnologyTechnology transports computer graphic tools that allow users to utilize anything from telephones, cable, internet, iPods, copiers, fax machines, and much more. Technology progression produces new goods, advanced inventions, and other ways for companies to manage and communicate amongst fellow patrons and co-workers. Technology evolves every eighteen months, so companies have to remain competitive in the market especially with new industries. For example, the arriver of new computers produced a large industry that enabled companies to create new positions. While others created advances to move ahead for a competitive edge. These advances allow companies to market themselves globally, which was not so readily available to them in the past. New technologies permit production, management, and communication skills that were available in the past. For example teleconferencing, audio web-casting, and cell phones have become more utilize today than ever before. Companies sometimes do not realize the fast impact technology has on their day-to-day business and the long term affects.Technology is slowly but surely taking over businesses to cut back time and money. Technology is not always reliable. Companies tend to hire information technology (IT) personal to respond to internet computer related errors. This will protect the name of the organization and to help communicate with outside sources. IT technicians will be able to observe and react to computer related problems, such as spam or dropped connections. Computers, communications devices and o ther information technology hardware can be deployed to perform routine accounting, record keeping and order processing functions cheaply and efficiently (Collins, 2006.) Additionally, these indispensable data-processing tasks have allowed organizations to accumulate more information than what could be previously handled and are subject it to more detailed analysis.Rapid ChangeThe rate of change in todays world is constantly changing due to a consumer- driven economy such as globalization, technology, and innovation. Organizations will soon have to adapt to the shifting economy, which will enable management to change their control skills. Motivational and leadership tasks have to evolve inspiration, resistance, and participation between co-workers to administer clarification of what is to be done. Understanding change determines response to external change and anticipating the change. It also involves opportunities while adapting to change. Change also involves introduction to new products and services to create new capabilities within the industry. If management needs to change effectively, they need to understand employee behavior, technology changes, and the economy.Internal/External Factors at TD BanknorthTD Banknorth is one of the largest banks in the New England area. At June 30, 2006, TD Banknorth had over $40 billion of total consolidated assets and provided financial services to more than 1.5 million households in the Northeast. TD Banknorths banking subsidiary, TD Banknorth, N.A., operates banking divisions in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania and Vermont. (TD Banknorth 2007) All of TD Banknorths accomplishment has beenfound in the effective management strategy of its senior executives. The company went from being on the verge of bankruptcy to becoming the enormous success that it is today. TD Banknorth continues to train its managers to handle a variety of contents such as diversity, rapid change and ethics in hopes of continuing its upward trend and becoming a leading contender in the banking industry.DiversityMost managers who work in large corporations in the United States are facing the differences that are associated with an ethically diverse workforce. TD Banknorth is one of those companies. There has been an increase in the number of training courses designed to help managers work with people who are from foreign nations or people from different age groups. The training courses were implemented as part of TD Banknorths name and address of being a good employer. Managers take advantage of these training courses because they understand that in order to be a good manager, they have to be able to communicate with all of their employees. Good communication enables a manager to organize their staff and maximize the resources available to the company. Diversity in the American workplace is a growing trend. In the survey, conducted by global management consulting firm Accen ture, U.S. companies were found to be top targets for mergers and acquisitions. Regardless of whether they intend to expand into overseas markets, U.S. companies are sure to feel the effects of globalization as their colleagues and clients become more internationally diverse. (Frase 2007)Rapid ChangeRapid change is a self-explanatory term and learning to cope with it is part of a managers job. At TD Banknorth, one of the rapid change issues that managers are faced with is a high turnover rate among their tellers. This is difficult for a manager because the tellers are the face of the company. They interact and provide services for most of the customers that come into the bank. Managers at TD Banknorth have learned that cross-training is an aspect of their job that enables them to lead their staff in the absence of a full staff. There might be times when a manager has to fill in for some other member of the staff such as a teller. Even though filling in for a teller might not be par t of a managers job description, it is a sign of a good leader. When a managers staff sees that the manager is willing to do any job, it inspires them to branch out and work together toget the job done even if that means doing things that may not be specified in their job descriptions. Good leadership like this will only serve to elevate the manager and the company that he or she works for.EthicsManagers at TD Banknorth take the lead in upholding the high ethical standards of the company. Unethical behavior can cause enormous damage to an organizations reputation and employee morale, resulting in loss of revenue and even organizational decline. (Len & Igor, 2007) The managers are responsible for their staff in the sense that they need to lead by example. There is no elbow room for any violation of the companys policies and procedures.ConclusionManagers are like the rudder that steers a ship. These individuals guide a corporation in what they hope to be the right direction. Without this guide, a company has no chance of achieving success. It is an invaluable position that needs to be taken seriously. All of the dimensions that make up a good manager such as planning, organizing, leading and controlling are intertwined and should be used faithfully and without hesitation. The result will be a successful career and a efficient staff.ReferencesAnte, S., Ewing, J., Greene,J., Burrows, P., Hof, R. (2007, July). Business Week. Issue 4041, p63-76, Retrieved July 18, 2007 from EbscoHost.Berkshire Encyclopedia of Human Computer Interaction. (2004). E-Business. Retrieved July 11, 2007 from httpwww.credoreference.com/entry.jsp?xrefid=5015213&secid=.2.-Carpenter, T. (2003, May). Nationwide Uses Analytics, Metrics to hone Internet Delivery Strategies. Insurance and Technology. Retrieved July 9, 2007 from http//www.insurancetech.com/story/news/IST20030521S0002Celebrating Diversity Vol.54 issue 6, Retrieved on July 16, 2007 From EbscoHostCollins Dictionary of Business. (200 6). Information Management. Retrieved July 11, 2007 from http//www.credoreference.com/entry/5923253DSS Resources (2006). Nationwide Insurance recognized for technology innovation. Retrieved July 10, 2007 from http//dssresources.com/news/1686.phpEthics in OR/MS Past, Present and Future Retrieved July 16, 2007 From http//proquest.umi.com/pdqweb?did=1284822821&sid=3&fmt=2&clientld=2606&rqt=309&vname=pqd.Ewing, L. (2007). Embracing Diversity. Bests Review 108 (2), 70 70. Retrieved on July 9, 2007 from EbscoHost.Frase, Martha. (2007). Show All Employees A Wider World. HR Magazine, 52(6), 98-102. Retrieved July 10, 2007 from the following web site http//proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1288102041&Fmt=4&clientId=2606&RQT=309&VName=PQDGTECH Corporation. (2007). Corporate governance. Retrieved on June 12, 2007 from http//www.gtech.com/media/corporate_governance.asp?persist=7EADCAC714FD4DE2AD242A433C634DAKarakowsky, L., Kotlyar, I., Grant, R. (2007). Corruption-proofing the workplace 3 questions every HR professional must ask. Canadian HR Reporter, 20(11), 19. Retrieved July 10, 2007 from http//proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1295283601&Fmt=3&clientId=2606&RQT=309&VName=PQDMaagolis, D. (2007, July). Nationwide Insurance as an Information Industry. Certification Magazine. 9 (7), 30-39. Retrieved July 10, 2007 from Ebscohost database.Passaris, C.E. (2006). The Business of Globalization and the Globalization of Business. Journal of Comparative International Management, 9(1), 3-19. Retrieved July 10, 2007 from Business and Company Resource database.Schramm, J. (2006). Quick Change. HR Magazine, 51(10), 160-160. Retrieved July 10, 2007 from Business Source Complete database.TD Banknorth Announces Succession Plan Bharat Masrani to Assume Role as CEO Effective March 1, 2007. Retrieved July 9, 2007 from the following web site http//www.tdbanknorth.com/investorrelations/newsreleasesId.aspx?ReleaseID=919630Zablow, R. (2006). Creating and Sustaining an Ethical Workplace. insecurity Mana gement 53 (9), 26 30. Retrieved on July 7, 2007 from EbscoHost.

Art as Expression Essay

The question of what art is can non be properly answered without asking why art is. Prior to the advent of the written language, art was used as a means of communication, and in some ways, written language is in its own regard, art. artifice, then, must be an expression of meaning by the artist, or potentially by the client that artist created the artwork for, but this assumption is altogether too broad.Art is not exclusively a private expression because it is left open(a) to readation by the individual who looks upon it, and as such art can then be categorized as the representation through a variation of mediums, of whatever the beholder or artist thinks it should be. Which poses a greater question is something art if the individual who designed it had no intended message? Or visa versa is something art if the consumer of the artform does not perceive any message?I was at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art about a two years ago, and they had some precise abstract pieces o n display, all of which brought forth in me at least some semblance of a response, except for a piece by Robert Rauschenberg, accost White Painting three panel, that began a philosophical debate between my brother and I because I refused to call the painting art. To me, there was no way to interpret the three panels of white, they were simply empty canvases that Rauschenberg sold for substantially more than he bought them for.No soul, or sense went into the piece and as I understand art, that does not qualify as any more than a man playing a abstraction crazy consumer culture for the fool. To backtrack, art in my eyes is the uncoiled expression of an artist to the consumer, for the purpose of provocation art has to make something well up in a person, even if it is not enjoyment, even if it is sorrow, or anger.Art is the way we have always talked to each other as people, and the pure aesthetic painters and songwriters of the last century do not produce art. Art is emotion and pass ion mixing into something for others to partake in there is no private art, there is only art that no one else has applied their own perceptions to yet.

Immanual Kant Ethical Contribution Essay

Born in Konigsberg, East Prussia in 1724, Immanuel Kant began school at the early age of eight years. He studied at the Collegium Fridiricianum, a Latin school that focused on classicism. Later he attended the University of Konigsberg and his major studies were physics, mathematics and philosophy. After receiving his doctorate, Kant became a teacher at the University and focused on philosophy. He was well k in a flashn for his unorthodox plan of attackes to religion and religious text that many students admired.However his radical teachings caught the eye of fag Frederich William II, who barred him from any further writings. Kant obeyed the king until after the kings death, Kant continued to write and publish his views on religion. He is famous for his deontic philosophical approach which believed actions were morally right or wrong, without the regard to consequences. Kant argued being moral was also being rational. Kant wrote the book Critique of Pure Reason in 1781 in which he i nvestigated the limits of human knowledge and the ability to reason.Kant argued that we act morally because that is what reason demands and he analyzed the nature of reason and what it means to be rational. In 1797 Kant furthered his writings in the Metaphysics of Ethics, where he writes that reason is the fundamental authority for morality. The European Graduate School dictates Metaphysics describes a science concerned with this inquiry, a solution to unsolvable problems set by pure reason itself, namely the concepts of God, freedom and Immortality. Kant believed that our sense of duty, approved by reason and rationality, is considered moral.Kant believed that consequences were not important, but the processes in which people think when they make their choices. Kant argued only when one thing was inherently good, and that was good will. Good will is also doing the right thing, doing ones duty and respecting moral law. (LaFave 2006) This good will is set up only in humans, not ma terial, gives us humans dignity and is our power of rational moral choice. (Garrett 2006) According to Kant, when we respect moral law we argon doing something because it makes us feel good and we are doing it out of duty, not inclinations.Kant argues we know what the moral law is by using Categorical Imperative. The Categorical Imperative states process only on those maxims (or rules of action) that you could, at the same time, will to be universal law. (Garrett 2006) Three tests must pass to for an act to be considered moral, 1) it must be teachable to being made consistently universal, 2) it must respect rational beings as ends in themselves and 3) it must stem from and respect the autonomy of rational beings. (DeGeorge p. 64) Immanuel Kant unknowingly created what is now called Kantian philosophy with his works and studies.Not only did he have a major impact on literature and the fine arts, his biggest contribution was to new-made philosophy. Kant died in 1804. Works Cited D eGeorge, Richard. Business Ethics. 7th Ed. New Jersey Prentice Hall, 2010. Print. Garret, Jan. Kants Duty Ethics. Wku. edu. Western Kentucky University, 2 October 2006. Web. 12 June 2012. Immanuel Kant Biography. Eds. edu, European Graduate School, n. d. Web. 12 June 2012. LaFave, Sandra, Kants Ethics. Instruct. westvalley. edu. West Valley College, 16 August 2006. Web. 12 June 2012.

Animal Farm Summative Essay

Animal Farm is an allegorical tonic by George Orwell. It is considered to be an allegory because the farm and the various controversies within it are representing Russias condition in the lead and later on its overthrow of the tyrannical tsar. The novel explores more than just political conflicts it shows the lengths human nature and gluttony can go, how surplus of power can destroy the truest of morality, how greed is present in ein truth political science system, and no book, rule, or law can obliterate avarice. It also cleverly observes how humans alter their relationships and affect their true feelings towards others for their possess security, and this course of action is evident in the relationship between short sleep and Mr. Pilkington.Napoleon plays a greater role in the later onmath of the rebellion, rather than evoking the rebellion itself, and Mr. Pilkington does not play a great role in the novel until after the rebellion. Napoleon, from the very beginning, is ma de out to be an foe as he indulges in all sorts of suspicious activity, and constantly engages in arguments with Snowball, his partner in flavour after the new liberal Animal Farm. The Seven Commandments are against everything man stands for, including Pilkington of Foxwood, and even if they do not have a direct relationship with each other in the beginning, Mr. Pilkington and Napoleon are enemies, because, as Old Major had once said, Man is the only real enemy we have. Remove Man from the movie and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished forever (4).Napoleon and Snowball have a very idealistic view of Animal Farm, but Napoleons status towards everything is noticed to be changed after the overthrow of Snowball. His hatred towards the other farmers had already started to falter when their rations fell short, but it is perceived that Napoleon started favoring Mr. Pilkington as he was against Frederick of Pinchfield, where Snowball was rumored to have resided. But their relationship is much like a seesaw as Napoleon goes through a phase of indecisiveness as to whether or not trust Mr. Pilkington as he had declined him any help during the Battle of the Windmill. For instance, when he had sent the pigeons to ask for help, Mr. Pilkington only replied with, Servesyou right.As the novel progresses, the commandments are slowly altered, and this shows that Napoleons mind is slowly changing, his attitude towards the commandments are changing, and his attitude towards the humans are changing as well. For instance, the commandment No animal shall sleep in a bed, is altered to No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets, for Napoleons own luxury, and this not only shows that Napoleon has a new outlook on life, but also a new outlook on humans not only that, but he alters all commandments, display he is becoming more and more like a human every day, until finally, the day comes when he stands on his hind legs, indulges himself in alcohol, and is seen to be pl aying poker with Mr. Pilkington. The most important chapter concerning Napoleons relationship with Mr. Pilkington would be the last chapter of the novel when the pair are chatting and laughing, when they both draw aces in a game of poker. This signifies the looming power struggle between the two. Both Napoleon and Pilkington are striving to be the stronger ships company and will stoop to any level to emerge the winner.At the beginning of the novel Napoleon treats Pilkington with telling disdain, and tries to form an isolated community of self-sufficient animals. As the novel progresses Napoleon engages in trade with Pilkingtons farm, and conspires with him to frame Snowball and make him appear a traitor. His relationship with Pilkington is purely selfish and both of them after the same end, to be the stronger of the two farms. To conclude, in Napoleons pursuit of creating his idealistic socialist utopia, he ended up turning into the evil he set out to banish, and turning into what all the animals dread turning into a human, just like Pilkington, which is why it was impossible to tell which was which(89).

How It Feels To Be Colored Me Essay

A genius of the South, novelist, folklorist, anthropologistthose are the devises that Alice Walker had inscribed on the tombstone of Zora Neale Hurston. In the essay How It Feels to Be Colored Me, Zora explores her own sense of identity through a series of striking metaphors. After realizing that she is of color, Hurston never really places a significant emphasis on the racial inequalities that exist in America. At certain times I have no scat, I am me. Zora Neale Hurston did non have any separate feelings about being an American and colored. But I am not tragically colored. There is no great sorrow dammed up in my soul, nor lurking behind my eyes. I do not mind at all. She is saying that there is no shame in her color. Hurston did not want to conform to a race, to a color, she tried to be herself. She was not afraid to be different, she knew she was special. How It Feels to Be Colored Me, makes it clear that she wants to be recognized as an individual. In paragraph 7 she wrote th e operation was prosperous and the patient is doing well, thank you. Hurston was referring this to sla very(prenominal) and how it did not bother her. That was something in her past and she is moving on from it. Hurstons audience was guided towards young African American adults who feel the same way about race or color. In the first paragraph she says . . . except the fact that I am the only inkiness in the United States. . .Because this is one of the first censures of this essay, it sets the tone for the whole piece. It shows that Hurstons attitude towards herself is very positive. umteen readers could feel the way she feels, wanting to get attention and being noticed. She wanted to be known for individual who was not just another colored person. Many people want to be noticed and not just by their race or skin color. Zora knew that she still stood out from everyone else, but in the prohibit of it all, no one is really different. Zora Neale Hurston gets her purpose across by h er use of language and sentence structure. I remember the day I became colored. This is the day that she realized what white people thought of her and anyone else who was colored. Hurston uses many a(prenominal) metaphors in this piece to vividly describe the expressions of her self-realization. I left Eatonville, the town of the oleanders, as Zora. Hurston used the word oleanders instead of another flower to explain that on the outside they are beautiful, but inside very poisonous.

Bureaucracy and self-government Essay

When a political sympathies creates policies, regulations, laws and guidelines, it rigorously and astutely applies them with what is called an act and service of general system. Public administration is then apparatused within an organizational structure. The bureaucracy that this structure operates illustrate the various operatives and/or personnel and/or leaders that makes the decision and leads the methodologies, tactics and strategies to implement the said policies, regulations, laws and guidelines.The bureaucracy is likewise responsible in ensuring the efficient and effective ways and means for such act and service. In executing its mandate, public administration must be dynamic. It must pay back a natural course of evolution and portion change and improvements that responds to the multifarious and complex demands of public service component needs and demands and expectations. bureaucracy and Self-Government is a book that gives enlightenment and on how apprehensio ns of public administration renders its appropriate service to the American people.The Books Insights Bureaucracy in its dominion is the rational and academic structure of the organizational process in rendering service and implementing policies and procedures of any institution like the government. The positive principle of bureaucracy has however evolved into a negative context in the unexampled time wherein red tapeline and other forms of inadequacies. It is because the bureaucracy in rendering public administration operates within two types of constructs.It is therefore in truth important and interesting that Dr. Cook laid protrude in his book that public administration in American politics is operated both within the instrumental concept and in the constitutive concept. The instrumental concept believes that the job of bureaucracy in public administration is to execute the instructions of public officials. Within the chasteness of this concept there lies the insufficiency of complete rendering of public service. That is the reason why Dr.Cook has outlined that the past two centuries of America is a struggle to create life and meaning and expectations of the instrumental concept of public administration and service. The constitutive concept believes that the job of bureaucracy in public administration is to radiation pattern and characterize public policy and political community. This concept allows formative methods that bring shape and structure to laws and policies of government. creative thinking and dynamic insights and foresights of government officials and public administrators are exercised in using this concept.The concluding insight of Dr. Cook in Bureaucracy and Self-Government outlines principles of responsible public administration. Firstly, with proper responsibility in governing and administering comes along an untrammelled ability. A complete and consummate commitment to adherence to the law must be characterized in the proponents of public administration. Government leaders and officials must take the bump of law as their way of life. Secondly, within the rule of law an adequate sphere of constitutionally legitimate independence must be carved.(Cook, 1996, scallywag 177). This principle is coherent with what government administrators have sworn to in fulfilling their duties and responsibilities. It is important that discretion of the law is carried out with integrity. The Books Presentation The book is presented in a very scholarly format. He huge experience of Dr. Brian J. Cook in the study of politics and public administration render authority on the subject matter. The book is seemingly passionate in pursuing ways and means for public administration to still attain its ideals.The book traced well established historical background that served the impetus on how American government administration and management has evolved thus providing the foundation of the conduct and manner of public administration of modern day. Whatever the course of history and evolution American politics and public administration may have tracked and traced, the book offers confidence and hope that the better of valor shall surface in public administration in America. The Books Author Dr.Brian J. Cook is presently a Professor in the message for Public Administration and Policy in the School of Public and International Affairs of Virginia Tech. He realise his BA degree in Political Science in 1977 from Cleveland State University with magna cum laude honors. His further information in government and politics earned him is masters in 1982 and doctorate in 1984 both from the University of Maryland. He has taught lectured and done research on politics and government since 1979.Dr. Cook has been endowed with numerous foundation and university grants and government sponsored research. He has written and published three books Bureaucratic Politics and Regulatory Reform The EPA and Emissions Trading (1988) Bure aucracy and Self-Government Reconsidering the Role of Public Administration in American Politics (1996) and Democracy and Administration Woodrow Wilsons Ideas and the Challenges of Public Management (2007).In addition he has written and published numerous book chapters colleague reviewed and non-reviewed articles book reviews conference papers and reports covering a very wide array of thoughts, principles and theories in American politics, government, administration policies. (Brian J. Cook Curriculum Vitae, 2008, pages 1-2) Works Cited Cook, Brian J. Bureaucracy and Self-Government Reconsidering the Role of Public Administration in American Politics John Hopkins University Press, 1996 Brian J. Cook Curriculum Vitae, September 2008 http//www. cpap. vt. edu/doc/BJC_Curriculum_Vitae_09-08. pdf accessed 2 June 2009

Pearl Harbor

When it comes take in to major break by dint ofcomes in our countries history such as the attack drib toy with, the acting cast should have put more heart into their temperaments to put the cinema oer the top. Throughout the moving-picture show, Pearl Harbor, the whole story revolves around the main oddballs of Rafe McCawley (Ben Affleck), Daniel Danny Walker (Josh Hartnett) and Nurse Evelyn Johnson (Kate Beckinsale). When it came down to those three characters in the pictorial matter, Pearl Harbor, the character development could have been portrayed very differently considering what this event did to the country.All of the acting in this moving seemed as if it was half-hearted and could have been done a lot better. The movie Pearl Harbor is directed by Michael Bay, also with the help of Jerry Bruckheimer and Rand completely Wallace. The main cast now a long time is a very popular group of people. The names of Ben Affleck, Josh Hartnett, Kate Beckinsale, Alex Baldwin (Maj or Jimmy Doolittle) and Cuba Gooding Jr. (Petty Officer second Class, Dorie Miller) are the main actors/actress in this movie. The purpose of this movie was to show the story of what happened on December 7, 1941 on the islands of how-do-you-do.Mostly throughout the movie it was based on the love triangle that occluded between Affleck, Hartnett and Beckinsale. It is lovable of a drag to a movie that is supposed to be about the bravery and courage that the States managed to smooth have after one of the most tragic events ever took place against them. From a character stand point, it could have been acted differently to make up for the fact the movie wasnt about the dilate of the war as much as you would lodge it to be. Rafe McCawley (Affleck) was al focuss there to protect Danny from all the discomfit that he encounters throughout his life.It all started at the beginning of the movie when Dannys become hits Danny, Rafe hits his Dannys Father over the back, which shows right(a ) away that he is there to protect him. This is a characteristic that was learned right away about Rafe and how he is when it comes to his best maven. Rafe is a cocky fighter pilot that is in the army at the time, with his best friend, Danny. Everything about Rafe is either him being cocky when it comes to his flying skills or else being over protective of Danny.When it came to his character it should have een better played out where it was harder to find out what the character is all about, but in this case he was easy to figure out which made the character variety of plain and dull. When it came to emotional scenes, Rafe would not look as emotional as he should when he gets the intelligence operation he does, the only when time he real showed true emotion is when he couldnt protect Danny, but even then he over acted it. Personally there could have been a some ways Rafe could have showed his emotions differently. For example when he returned from his duties over in Europe, D anny had taken the place of him in Evelyns heart.When he returned he found out about this and the way he took it was not the way you would expect it to be handled when a soulfulness is in a crisis like this. He kind of just shrugs it mutilate and kind movies on as if it doesnt affect him. A person now a twenty-four hour period would act completely different. They would be very mad at his friend and would have completely disowned his friend and the girl. Not only would that happen the person that would be in Rafes shoes would also be most likely be emotionally scared and hurt, not just be able to stop about it and move on with them in his life still.When it came down to Rafe in the movie Pearl Harbor he could have showed more heart and emotion when it came to his character in this movie. Daniel Danny Walker is also an astounding fighter pilot who was Rafes wingman. He was always looked at by Rafe as his younger crony and was always being protected from him. He would always want to be there to help out and look out for Rafe as well. When Rafe was over in Europe Danny began to fall for Evelyn, who was at the time Rafes girlfriend. He was the caring, sweet character between the two pilots.Just like Rafe, Danny was also a character who was not well developed because he was also very easy to read what kind of person he was. Danny was too sensitive for what his character actually does in this movie. The way he is portrayed in this movie, he would do anything to keep peace and happiness with close people in his life. But the twine was he went for his best friends girlfriend and put down in love with her. If he really was as sensitive as he showed while acting, a person like that would truly not do that to their friend.The acting was basically all Hollywood to try to add some extra make to the movie when what actually happened didnt fit the way the character acted all movie long. You cannot blame the precedent for this on Josh Hartnett, it has to do with the directing and them telling Hartnett how he should perform during these situations. Evelyn Johnson (Kate Beckinsale) was a nurse that fell madly in love over the charm Rafe had at the medical examinations. Evelyn and Rafe were both stationed in the very(prenominal) location until she was stationed in Pearl Harbor in Hawaii and Rafe was going over to Europe.She showed her emotions and love for Rafe through notes they would write back and forth. Evelyn, while she was separated from Rafe, in Hawaii got some unwanted news from Danny. later on that the two of them started to have a philander between them. When Rafe came back from Europe he was stationed in Hawaii to reunite with his girlfriend and best friend. But thats when everyone finds out what kind of person Evelyn was. Towards the beginning of the movie she is madly in love with Rafe and all of a sudden after she gets some news, her heart has a change of ways and is going for Rafes best friend, Danny.You can understand people hav e a change of heart and cannot wait around forever, but for a person to stop loving soul and go for their best friend is just something that doesnt happen too often, especially after the way she shows her affection towards the two men. Once again it was a Hollywood set up to make the movie have more drama to it. They basically added her emotions and this part of the story to the movie to add more space and storyline to it. If these scenes were taken out of the movie, the plot would be a little different but would still have the same concept, also would be a better historical movie rather than a drama movie.When it came to a movie such as Pearl Harbor where this event scared the liberality of America, the movie should have been more focused on the issue it is title after, rather than the love romance that happened between the characters. This movie is a great movie, but if it were to take out the sappy romance or at least have the actors and actress put a little more effort and mo re seasonably emotions into the picture it would have made this movie even better. When it comes down to the character development, it made this movie only a good movie compared to the potential to be an excellent movie.

Establishment Health Centres Remote Villages Health And Social Care Essay

Constitution of Rural wellness Centres in yon small towns of Developing States to supply basic health installations every bit ingenuous as health instruction to adult females for baby health c be IntroductionA bulk of population depends to a great extent upon authorities plans to run into its wellness wariness demands. Poor wellness guardianship indexs such(prenominal) as enatic and infant mortality demonstrate that these demands are non frequently met. Preven display panel and catching diseases are the study causes of high mortality rates and lend to a great extent to the load of malady in developing states like Pakistan.The load of hapless wellness falls disproportionately upon adult females and kids. baby mortality is high. A high per centum of kids experience multiple episodes of diseases and their nutrition degrees are mismatched. Womans of childbearing age verbal expression high incidences of anaemia. Poor nutrition degrees and ill planned gestations exacerbate th e wellness conditions of destitute adult females. Additionally, wellness attention is most frequently unavai science laboratoryle for these sections of the population.In the early 1990s, the orientation of the state s medical system, including medical instruction, favored the elite. There has been a pronounced roar in private clinics and infirmaries since the late eightiess and a corresponding, unfortunate impairment in operate standd by nationalized infirmaries. In 1992 there was merely one prepare for every 2,127 individuals, one nurse for every 6,626 individuals, and merely one infirmary for every 131,274 individuals.In 1992 any(prenominal) 35 trillion Pakistanis, or some 30 per centum of the population, were unable to afford nutritionally equal food for thought or to afford any nonfood points at all. Of these, 24.3 million lived in rural countries, where they constituted 29 per centum of the population. urban countries, with tierce of the national population, had a poorne ss rate of 26 per centum.The Ministry of Population offbeat has been chiefly obligated for star sign planning distribute since the 60 s. However, the Ministry of wellness with its larger service bringing web has a greater portion of duty of supplying generative wellness services. In peculiar, the National classmed for FP and PHC represents the largest graduated table intervention for the bringing of FP and RH services in the signifier of the Lady health Workers ( LHW ) now combine with the Village based firm be aftering proletarians. Another index of increa hum integrating of generative wellness services is the jointly formulated National fruitful wellness Services Package, which clearly defines the precedence countries for intercession and preparation.2.0 Literature ReviewHEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN PAKISTANNational Public Health and loving Welfare is a recent invention in Pakistan. In pre-partition India the British provided wellness attention for organization workers and e stablished several major(ip) infirmaries, but did little for the staying population. Limited resources and trouble in organizing national and tyke duty for wellness attention have hampered betterments since this clip.National Health planning began in the 1960 s and the presidential term embarked on a major wellness enterprise with signifi locoweedt donor aid from the World Bank. This programmed is aiming maternal wellness, control of epidemics, preparation of female paramedics and bettering the direction of Provincial Health Depts.There was a pronounced assenting in the Numberss of private infirmaries and clinics in the 1980 s with a corresponding diminution in service provided by the nationalized services. For case in 1992 there was one doctor per 2,127 people, one infirmary per 131,274 people and between 1985 and 1991, 12.9 million people had no entree to wellness attention. Mortality rates remain high, strangely for the under 5 s. The following are the basic wellness service bringing systems in Pakistan uncreated Health tending FacilitiesPrimary Health Care installations include dispensaries, Maternal and Child Health Centres ( MCHC ) , Family Welfare Centres ( FWC ) , Basic Health Units ( BHUs ) and Rural Health Centres ( RHCs ) . Each Union Council, which has a population cooking stove from ten to twenty basketball team thousand people, is, in rule, promised at least one primary wellness attention installation. A outline description of these mercantile establishments is given belowDispensaries are managed by male paramedics or physicians and offer diminished recompense services.MCHCs are managed by female paramedics ( Lady Health Visitors LHVs ) .They provide basic prenatal attention, natal, post-natal and household planning services, and intervention of minor complaints to adult females.Family Welfare Centres ( FWC ) are the service bringing Centres of the Population Welfare Program operated by paramedics and community u twaddle workers. Ther e are two types of FWCs The inactive units cater to the Reproductive Health demands of a population of 5-7 thousand people and the nomadic units supply services to 15-20 thousand people. set(p) in urban slums and rural backwoods countries, they are designed to supply services to the whole household, peculiarly in the country of generative wellness. For widening outreach, they seek community support and engagement.Basic Health Units ( BHUs ) provide wellness attention services to a population of up to 10 1000 and are typically runged by a male general responsibility physician, an LHV and a dispenser. They offer first degree remedy attention, MCH attention, household planning and preventative services to the population of the country.Rural Health Centres ( RHCs ) provide extended outpatient services and some inmate services, normally limited to short-run observation and intervention of patients who do non necessitate tape transport to a higher-level installation. They serve a popula tion of about 25 50 thousand people, with a staff of about 30 including 3 to 4 physicians and a figure of paramedics. They typically have 10-20 beds with X-ray, look lab and minor surgery installations. These services do non include bringing and parking brake obstetric services. unoriginal Health Care FacilitiesThese include Tehsil and District central office infirmaries.Tehsil Headquarters offer basic inmate services every bit good as outpatient services. They serve a population of about 100 three hundred thousand people. They typically have 40-80 beds and appropriate support services including X-ray, research lab and surgery installations. Specialists such as accoucheurs and gynaecologists, general sawboness and baby doctors are included in the staffDistrict Headquarters Hospitals serve a population of approximately 1 to 2 million people and supply a scope of specializer attention in add-on to basic infirmary and outpatient services. They typically have about 100-125 beds.Sec ondary degree of attention is the most critical nexus between basic and specialised wellness attention services. Unfortunately, this degree excessively, like primary wellness attention, has been uneffective in run intoing its marks in service bringing due to improper fiscal allotments, direction insufficiencies, embezzlement of work force and diagnostic installations and unequal exigency services. The utilization rates of these installations, hence, have been less than optimal.Tertiary Health Care FacilitiesTertiary attention services are provided chiefly through learning infirmaries in major metropoliss. The installations offered at these infirmaries include exigency attention outpatient and inmate attention for a assortment of fortes and sub-specialties along with extended diagnostic installations. A major part of wellness allotments are consumed by third attention installations adding to the grudges of the primary and secondary attention installations.Health PROGRAMS RELATED TO WOMEN AND INFANT CAREThe wellness plan giving particular focal point to major public wellness jobs of the state are discussed as followsNational Program for Family Planning & A Primary Health CareThe chief push of the plan is to widen the primary wellness attention and household planning services to the communities through learn lady wellness workers ( LHWs ) all over the state. At present, the Program is covering 50 % population, chiefly in the rural and urban slum country. The plan envisages that by the twelvemonth 2003, 100,000 LHWs in the field of household planning and wellness attention services leave behind be trained and with such a strength of LHWs, 70 % of the population will be covered. There is 9100 trained wellness installation staff and 1300 LHWs who are involved in the preparation and supervising of the LHWs. Selection of another survey of 1000 supervisors is completed and their preparation in afoot. During the surpassing financial twelvemonth, Rs.1200 million has been allocated for the execution of the plan with unornamented allotment of Rs.983 million has besides been allocated during the current twelvemonth ( 2001-2002 ) .3.0 Statement of Problem Constitution of Rural Health Centres in distant small towns of Developing States to supply basic wellness installations every bit good as wellness instruction to adult females for baby health care 4.0 Research DesignThe undermentioned subdivision lay down the way that led to the formation of research design and justification of the methodological analysis selected to accomplish the above stated aims.4.1 Research ParadigmThe method that was adopted to make research was the aggregation of schoolings through secondary beginnings. This method is used because it was non easy to roll up primary schoolings for this event and quality secondary information was available from assorted beginningsInterviews were besides conducted with wellness attention practicians to hold more in-depth position of the job being addressed.4.1.1 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTSPrimary information was collected throughInterviewQuestionnaire developmentA pre-interview questionnaire was developed. All inquiries were qualitative, and unfastened ended.ObservationFiscal Records4.2 Data Collection, Analysis and InterpretationThe information will be collected from the undermentioned beginnings for qualitative research and analysis through statistical tool and graphical representation of questionnaire.Interviews from wellness attention practicians, educationalist,Secondary information was gathered through books, Internet, official publications and assorted libraries.4.3 capturePakistan has a high baby and maternal mortality rate, which is a load on the system. It is one of the major jobs of our state and mound of resources are spend to minimise this job, but still the authorities is non able to demand this high baby and maternal mortality rate. This is a major issue because the resources, which are being spent, wh ich can be used for other developmental intents besides.This survey is important because it addresses this job and provides an penetration to the significance, causes, effects and resolution of this job.What basic wellness installations and instruction is being provided by these RHCs to adult females for infant health care.What jobs are predominating sing maternal and infant health care and recommendations to be given with regard to the jobs.4.4 Verification, Validity & A dependabilitySilverman ( 2000 ) has stressed on the fact that credibleness is indispensable for all research whether it be qualitative or quantitative in nature. The research worker will seek to show credibleness of research by supplying good quality research. Researcher will seek to put aside the preconceived thoughts about the phenomenon under consideration and showing the true contemplation of the informations obtained from the exemplification. Lincoln and Guba ( 1985 ) states the trustiness involves the und ermentioned elements cogency or credibleness, objectiveness or conformability, dependability or dependableness, and genrealizability or deputeability.4.4.1 Validity or CredibilityCogency of the information refers to the truth and preciseness of the informations ( Denscombe, 2007 ) . The research worker will seek to inquire the appropriate research inquiries from the interviewee. The sample selected from the Pakistan Telecom industry will assist the research worker to roll up the valid information which will ease in the probe of the subject under geographic expedition.4.4.2 DependabilityThe research worker will see that the research instrument used in the research i.e. qualitative research to be impersonal and consistent across multiple occasions of usage. The research worker will seek to examine the informations in such a manner that if any other research worker use the uniform research instrument will bring forth the same consequences.4.5 SCOPE & A LIMITATIONSTo roll up first ma nus cognition for this thesis, rural countries all developing states particularly from Pakistan had to be visited which required batch of fiscal resources. This meant disbursement immense sum of financess to roll up primary informations through study, which might be possible for big organisations like authorities or NGO s etc. , but when sing an person it is non possible.Datas were conductuted through observations and past records were due to their easy handiness.Bibliographyhypertext transfer protocol //webapps01.un.org/nvp/frontend policy.action? id=502hypertext transfer protocol //www.prcs.org.pk/health.asphypertext transfer protocol //www.womenofchina.cn/Policies_Laws/Policies/17088.jsphypertext transfer protocol //www.muhammadyunus.org/Social-Business/grameen-healthcare/hypertext transfer protocol //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC383386/hypertext transfer protocol //www.pide.org.pk/Mimap/Report06.pdfhypertext transfer protocol //www.dawn.com/2003/01/31/letted.htmhypertext transfer protocol //www1.infopak.gov.pk/public/govt/ministry_population_welfare.htmhypertext transfer protocol //www.mopw.gov.pkhypertext transfer protocol //www.phaef.org/HEinPak.htmhypertext transfer protocol //www.pap.org.pk/Edu.htm