What Does the Concept of Dignity mean to Stevens?

Stevens is a unique character whose life evolves solely around his profession and how he can both maintain his dignity and become recognised through his work. The concept of dignity has ruled his entire life and he believes it his duty to remain dignified in all circumstances in order to be classed as a â€Å"great butler†. His metaphorical journey however reveals that in trying to accomplish this, he has lost the vital element which must be sustained in life, human warmth. Stevens defines dignity as, â€Å"Something one can meaningfully strive for throughout one's career†, compared to Mr Graham's views that â€Å"dignity is something one possesses,† which seems more reasonable from the reader's point of view. The critic Richard Locke asks what dignity there is in not making one's own mistakes and refers to the consequent sorrow and remorse that follows, saying â€Å"such rueful wisdom much be retrospective. † This certainly explains Stevens' unemotional behaviour in his mission to attain dignity because he has since regretted not â€Å"making his own mistakes† and living life to the fullest. Instead, he delicately portrays his Father's views, who was â€Å"indeed the embodiment of dignity†, because he is not able to conceive his own opinions having followed Lord Darlington's orders all his life. Furthermore, Stevens has incorporated the Hayes Society perspectives of dignity and related them to that of his father stating that he had, â€Å"Dignity in keeping with his position†, again proving that he can not form his own views and has again had to use someone else's. Stevens is so concerned with dignity and yet his misinterpretation of it, together with the emphasis his father put on it, has left him unable to calculate his own ideas on what dignity actually is and has thus naively lead him into an empty life. It is his father's stress on the tiger anecdote that has in my view confused Stevens, the idea being that a butler resorts to dramatic lengths to ensure that â€Å"no discernible traces† of the tiger â€Å"are left†. It is the fact that his father â€Å"knew instinctively that somewhere in this story lay the kernel of what true dignity is,† and Stevens does not, but yet continues to follow his father's perspectives because he considers him a â€Å"great butler†. Everyone is motivated by aspirations to climb higher, and Stevens' ultimate goal is to be acknowledged as a â€Å"great butler†. He feels he comes significantly closer to his quest at a conference Lord Darlington, holds for the most important delegates in Europe. At the conference he believes that he is heavily relied upon to oil the friction between the delegates from different countries by ensuring that the guests have nothing whatsoever to complain about. Whilst the delegates attend these various conferences, Stevens' father is very ill, however Stevens is more willing to return to work than attend to his sick father who is the only family Stevens has left. There has always been a cold relationship between the two, both of them only conversing over professional issues, and Stevens respects his father not for being a good father but a good butler. As Stevens is devoid of sentiment he can only judge others based on their dignity and we see how important Stevens' views on dignity are because it defies how he interacts and relates with others. Not only does he describes his father as â€Å"dark and severe†, which is dignity personified, he refers to him in the third person, â€Å"I hope father is feeling better now. † His lack of emotion proves to the reader how empty Stevens is, and in order for him to fill this emptiness, Stevens primarily concerns himself with dignity. Despite his father always being detached, he ironically asks, â€Å"Have I been a good father? † However, Stevens coldly dismisses his gesture, and in doing this, he loses any chance of a positive relationship with his remaining family. Furthermore, it is his arrogant ignoring of Mr Cardinal who tells him of Lord Darlington's wrong attitude to the Nazis and of Miss Kenton's attempts to give him one last chance to propose, that severely damaged his chances of becoming a â€Å"great person† and hence a â€Å"great butler†. However, he ironically recalls this experience with â€Å"a large sense of â€Å"triumph†, and consequently dismisses any hope of happiness as he is prepared to place professionalism before relationships. Stevens is also unable to communicate to the reader his true intentions for undertaking the excursion, stating that he wishes to improve the current â€Å"staff plan† however the reader perceives that he wants to visit Miss Kenton, and hence becomes â€Å"an unreliable narrator†, always placing a professional spin on everything. He believes that he is respected for his dignity, and thus judges others on how dignified they are. Dignity means everything to Stevens, it being all he has and hence his profession becomes his life, unable to even call holiday clothes by their true name but instead a â€Å"costume. † A costume implies a disguise worn to hide the true person underneath thus stating that Stevens is not the person to undertake holidays as it distracts him from his work. Another significant point demonstrating Stevens' unreliability is his relationship with former employer Lord Darlington. Everyone must feel good about themselves in order to remain optimistic in life and Stevens accomplishes this by feeling good about being a good butler working for a good master. Despite dedicating the best years of his life to Lord Darlington, Stevens is then quick to deny any knowledge of his former employer once we hear of his connections with the Nazis in World War Two. At Mortimers Pond significantly halfway through the novel, another butler of a lesser stature than himself attends to his car and he asks if he actually worked for Lord Darlington, to which Stevens replies, â€Å"Oh no, I am employed by Mr John Farraday. † Stevens is deliberately misleading about his past relationship with Lord Darlington because of his associations with the Nazis, as the truth would have severely damaged his self-esteem. However, the reader is first given a hint of Stevens' unreliability through his deliberate changing of his mind and misinterpretation of events which have occurred. Stevens corrects himself when he recalls passing Miss Kenton's room and originally believes that she is crying, however on reflection he realises that it is not due to the untimely death of her Aunt, but her acceptance to marry Mr Benn, and that her efforts to provoke him into action had gone unnoticed. Miss Kenton asks him â€Å"Do you want me to stay†, giving Stevens the opportunity to react and tell her how he feels, however he ignores these blatant signs and continues to neglect the forming of relationships in order to protect his reputation. The reality is that he changed his mind about these events in order to shield himself from the painful truth that he is destined to spend the rest of his life alone because he chose dignity above warmth. Everything Stevens encounters on his excursion, he relates to his profession. He travels to Mursden, not as a tourist, but an admirer of the famous silver polish, and naively believes that using this has had positive repercussions all over Europe. However, Stevens has again attempted to selfishly pass something off as his own, so that he can feel good and important, helping him to fill the emptiness left from a lack of human warmth and intimacy. Despite Stevens' clear longing for a close relationship with anyone, he still feels the urge to place his pride above what really matters. At Mortimer's Pond, he refuses to walk around it for fear of dirtying his shoes because no self-respecting butler would allow that to happen and says, â€Å"My footwear is not such as to permit me easily to walk around the perimeter. † Stevens gullibly believes that others really care about how he looks and acts, and he must therefore strive to create a good impression and remain dignified. He sadly also realises that in order to qualify as a â€Å"great butler†, he had to work for an employer of proven â€Å"moral worth†, yet he has just disowned any knowledge of working for Lord Darlington when quizzed about it earlier. Realistically, Stevens is living in the past and refuses to change his ways because they have brought him his dignity, and his archaic, well structured English clarifies the fact that he has learnt his English from historical, classical books and not social context or conversations. The mere fact Stevens lives in the past is saddening as life should be full of new experiences, but instead he effectively shields himself behind his profession and exploits it as an excuse to visit new places. His old-fashioned lifestyle furthermore forbids him to look symbolically beyond the surface at Mortimer's pond and delve underneath to find the truth, and only when he meets Miss Kenton is he forced to change his perspectives and views on life. His relationship with Miss Kenton has allowed him to modernise his views as he would before judge people on the surface and converse with them on purely professional terms. Although his liaison with Miss Kenton has not altered his perceptions on dignity, he has become aware that there is perhaps more to life than work Although the reader may sympathise with Stevens and respect him, his pitiful behaviour is also both extremely noticeable and frustrating. In the unfortunate incident concerning the dismissing of the two Jewish maids, Stevens will not admit that he did not stand up for something he knew was wrong. He says, â€Å"We must not let sentiment creep into our judgement†, but ironically it is his higher regard for dignity which has ensured that he avoids sentiment throughout his entire life, and once again the reader becomes aware of Stevens' outdated response because he is prepared to place dignity above what is right. Furthermore, he ironically says that dignity is â€Å"not removing one's clothing in public†. Whether he is attempting to banter is left deliberately ambiguous, however what he says is ironic to the reader because he does not remove his clothes in private and maintains his professional persona even in his social life. To remove clothing suggests relaxation and freedom, a characteristic the reader never associates with Stevens because of his overwhelming obsession with dignity which has cost him so much. Stevens views dignity as a key to success, living his whole life by it and striving to remain dignified in every single possible circumstance he is subjected to. In his fixation with dignity, he has ultimately committed the deadly sin of pride and has thus condemned himself to a life of emptiness. He is deliberately aiming to aspire to the stature of his father, Stevens believing that he achieved so much acclaim through his dignified manner. However, at the end of the novel, it is left ambiguous whether he will strive to maintain his dignity or seek to change his ways and become more intimate and emotional with people when he discovers that â€Å"bantering is the key to human warmth. â€Å"

Abraham Lincoln’s Attitude Towards Slavery

STUDENT: PLATON OANA MADALINA SA I TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ p. 3 2. THE ISSUE OF SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. p. 4 3. THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. p. 7 â€Å"From a genuine abolition point of view, Mr. Lincoln seemed tardy, cold, dull and indifferent, but measuring him by the sentiment of his country – a sentiment he was bound as a statesman to discuss – he was swift, zealous, radical, and determined. † Frederick Douglass, 1876 source? 1. INTRODUCTION He survived the tragedy and depression to become America's Greatest President.He had the courage to destroy slavery, but he took a Civil War and the loss of 600,000 lives; his beliefs cost him his life , but without him the United States of America would not exist today. Abraham Lincoln, America's model hero, was a man whose courage saved the nation from destruction. His early life was poor and brutal; he was born on the 12th of February 1809 in a one room cabin in rural Kentucky, a frontier state of America. His family were farmers, he was the first of his family to read; Abraham Lincoln was different to from his friends.The young Lincoln was a child of induce curiosity, he loved to hear people, gave well crafted, well delivered speeches. He would often go to places where such speeches were being made; he memorized parts of them and he would come back and give those speeches to his playmates. It was in Lincoln's nature to embrace new experiences and when he was nineteen he had the opportunity to travel 1200 miles down the Mississippi river. It was a journey that will change his outlook of life forever. He was confronted with the realities of slavery; what he did see was probably the most horrific aspect of slavery and that as the destruction of slave families, the selling of slaves and the use of slaves literally as pieces of commerce. But when he returned to the North, Lincoln left the family home striking out the most exciting town of its day, New Salem – Illinois; here he would be his own man. When he came to New Salem, that was a deliberate choice on his part, to turn his back on the world of farming, the agrarian lifestyle, and coming to New Salem is really a deliberate choice to plunge himself into the world of 19th century of commerce, capitalism, the Industrial Revolution and everything like that.Lincoln's passion to reading continued into his adult life and so that his ideas of fairness will becoming increasingly developed; America was changing, expanding day by day, and Lincoln wanted to be part of it. By 1847 he had studied enough to pass the bar examination, he had decided to become a lawyer. But also he plunged in the world of politics, and he loved politics even more than law because for him law was a means to politics, and his practice as a lawyer was always bound up by his political ambitions. In Illinois he met a woman named Ann Rutledge, but Lincoln's life took a tragic turn when Ann died.Her death plunged Lincoln into a deep depression, but hard work overcame this black spells. He had become a successful local politician, and the ambitious young Lincoln was proving difficult to ignore. Lincoln, had an extraordinary talent and he quickly established himself as a charismatic speaker and talented politician; increasingly ambitious he decided to move again, leaving New Salem he went to live in Springfield – the State Capital of Illinois and there he met and married Mary Todd. Lincoln moved on to the National stage, becoming a Congressman for the District of Illinois.The country was uneasily divided in to 15 free and 15 slave states; when Kansas wanted to join the Union, a fear debate appeared: should it be a slave state or not? In the South it was another commodity that was the key to the slave issue: cotton. By 1840, cotton was more valuable than everything else the United States of America exported put together. By 1860, the value of slaves (were about four millions slaves) was greater than the value of all the American railroads, all the American manufactures and all the American banking put together – slavery was the main event in the America.Lincoln was always opposed to the slavery, because it was the contradiction of his yearning for transformation and self improvement. In 1858 Abraham Lincoln decided to candidate for the United States Senate. At the beginning to the campaign, he made a speech in which he said that the United States was a House, but a House Divided by slavery; to survive it would have to be either all free or all slaves. When he candidate for the presidency of the United States, more than anything else I think he won because for those people who were op posed to slavery he was the only choice.From my point of view Abraham Lincoln was completely opposed to slavery because, from historical point of view at that time slavery was the answer at to the disputes between free states and slave states. After the Civil War, the North was developing through commerce and its new industrial capacities, meanwhile the South was flourishing through the cost of labor – manual labor and the use of slaves. 2. THE ISSUE OF SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICAThe issue of slavery represented one of the most important factors which shaped the history of the US and especially the way in which it came to develop. It was seen for many decades as a subject for social upheaval, political debate, and most importantly a matter of human rights. However, regardless of the historical nature of the issues discussed in these debates, there are certain personalities which influenced, in a positive or negative way, the entire debate.In the case of slavery, o ne such personality was Abraham Lincoln one of the most important personalities of the country and at the same time an essential part in the debates on slavery. Although his name is often related to the Emancipation Proclamation or to his debates with Stephen Douglas, his beliefs on the issue of slavery stand above these acts or events. In this sense, he often argued his opposition to the â€Å"peculiar institution† despite the fact that he was not a stranger to the slavery phenomenon.Still, his beliefs and conviction make him to this day one of the most representative figures of the emancipation of slaves throughout the US. In order to have a better understanding of the actual reasons which justify the fact that Abraham Lincoln considered slavery to be wrong, it is important to consider the historical background of the era and observe slavery in a wider framework. More precisely, Lincoln’s beliefs on slavery were the result of growing tensions between two rival concep ts: free and slavery state. After the end of the Civil War, theNorth was developing through trade and exploiting its new industrial capabilities, while the South was thriving at the cost of manual labor, through its special commercial relations with the English but more importantly through the use of slaves. As a consequence, the local landscape was different: New York was ranked the dominant and the most populated urban area, where as in the South a significant urban area was represented only by New Orleans. These economic tensions made their mark on the way in which politicians and even local people came to understand the status of black people.At the same time though, the new American nation was built on the principles of freedom, democracy and most importantly on human rights. The Declaration of Independence Lincoln often cited stated included the famous passage on the freedom of man. Thus, â€Å"all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain una lienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness†[1]. Despite the fact that these words represented the enthusiasm of the Founding Fathers and that they are even today the framework of the American democracy, at the time they were easily interpretable.This was largely due to the fact that slavery was seen in the North as a terrible wrongdoing, while in the South it was viewed as a necessary practice. This drew the attention on the way in which black people were treated and especially to the fact that they were not considered human beings endowed with inalienable rights and freedoms, as well as civil duties and political ones. Taking these aspects into account it can be said that the discussions on slavery in which Lincoln was engaged focused on two pillars.On the one hand, there were the political discussions with the Democrats and especially with his direct opponent, Douglas; on the other hand, there were the moral issues Lincoln brought on the issue of slavery. However, these debates intermingled as Lincoln and Douglas became engaged in the political fight for the state of Illinois. While these confrontations had a political aim, they brought into the spotlight two different views on slavery and emphasized Lincoln’s moral convictions and the way in which these would change. The Civil War played a major part in the drafting of Lincoln’s opinion on the issue of slavery.In this sense, he used the notion in order to rally support for the unity of the nation. Thus, he points out that â€Å"we all declare for liberty; but in using the same word we do not all mean the same thing. With some the word liberty may mean for each man to do as he pleases with himself and the produce of his labor; while with others the same word may mean to do what they please with other men and the produce of other men’s labor†[2]. This was the main argument he used against the beliefs of the Democrats. However, the discuss ions were held at the political level mostly.In this sense, the argument in fact represented a means through which Lincoln pointed out the fact that while the Republicans were the proponents of a stronger role for the federal government, the Democrats supported the idea of a looser central government. In the end the discussions came down to the issue of slavery in the sense that the Republicans were in favor of abolishing slavery in certain states, while the Democrats considered that the people must decide on whether the states should be free or should allow slavery and slave trade to take place.The moral argument Lincoln used revolved around the issue of the wrongfulness of slavery. In this sense, he constantly pointed out that â€Å"I particularly object to the new position which the avowed principle of this Nebraska law gives to slavery in the body politic. I object to it because it assumes that there can be moral right in the enslaving of one man by another. I object to it as a dangerous dalliance for a free people—a sad evidence that, feeling prosperity, we forget right†[3].It is rather hard to believe the fact that the moral aspect determined Lincoln to support the abolition of slavery. The times were rather difficult for the entire nation due to the tensions between the two sides of the country. The North and the South were being divided by an issue on which people could not be convinced through moral arguments. Nonetheless, Lincoln went on saying that the mere arguments promoted by the Democrats in support of slavery were not convincing either. Thus, necessity in his view cannot be considered an argument because it is the man who decides on his own necessities.In this sense, while Douglas throughout his arguments points out the fact that the right of the people to chose over the issue of slavery is a God given right, Lincoln counters him by appealing to the idea of right and wrong yet again. More precisely, â€Å"God did not place good a nd evil before man, telling him to make his choice. On the contrary, he did tell him there was one tree of the fruit of which he should not eat, upon pain of certain death. I should scarcely wish so strong a prohibition against slavery in Nebraska† [4]. The technique used by Lincoln to include the idea of religion nd of divine justice was a crucial point he made in his argument against slavery and a point he used in trying to determine the change in attitude towards the change in the way slaves were viewed and their treatment as human beings rather than as cattle or mere objects or property. The fact that his arguments were based on moral considerations was an issue that became clear during the presidency of Abraham Lincoln. Despite the fact that he is considered to be an emancipator, he never actually advocated the idea of emancipation, but rather a reconsideration of their status.This is an evident fact, especially from the point of view of his later statements. In this sens e, he later argued that â€Å"I have never understood that the presidency conferred upon me the unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling† [5] considering that the moral issues he advocated did not have to become state principles. This viewed summarizes the changes that took place at the level of his policy once he became president of the United States. 3. THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION He promoted the wrongfulness of slavery as an immoral act; yet he did not support the actual emancipation of the black people.His views became clearer and they can easily be summed up by one of his statements. Thus, â€Å"I protest against the counterfeit logic which concludes that because I do not want a black woman for a slave, I must necessarily want her for a wife. I need not have her for either, I can just leave her alone. In some respects, she is certainly not my equal; but in her natural right to eat the bread she earns with her own hands without asking leave o f anyone else, she is my equal, and the equal of all others[6]. †. Therefore, he viewed slaves equal only in their state of birth not in their rights as part of the society.This view represents an important aspect in the way in which his attitude changed in time. Thus, as a candidate for a particular region of the United States, regardless of its importance, he could promote the morality of slavery or its lack. However, as a major public figure, he did not have the political support or the democratic one to advocate the freedom of the slaves. Nor did he want to take that road. One of the most evident proofs was the fact that â€Å"Lincoln in the first year of the war repeatedly defined is policy as a restoration of the Union- which of course meant a Union with slavery†[7]. Therefore, despite the noble discourse, neither Lincoln nor the public were ready for a change that would, on the one hand uphold the Declaration of Independence, and create disequilibrium in the Unio n. Despite the serious oscillations Lincoln experienced throughout discussion on slavery, the issue of the empowerment of slaves was addressed in 1865 as he pointed out that â€Å"it is also unsatisfactory to some that the elective franchise is not given to the colored man.I would myself prefer that it were now conferred on the very intelligent and on those who serve our cause as soldiers†[8]. This change in attitude can be considered to be the result of a thorough reflection on the role played by slaves in the Civil War. This particular aspect was dealt with in his Second Inaugural Address as he pointed out the fact that the war in itself was a punishment from God, one which must be understood as a sign of reconciliation. More precisely, â€Å"The Almighty has His own purposes.Woe unto the world because of offenses; for it must needs be that offenses come, but woe to that man by whom the offense cometh. If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of those offenses whic h, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which, having continued through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that He gives to both North and South this terrible war as the woe due to those by whom the offense came, shall we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a living God always ascribe to Him? [9]. The answer to such a question was in Lincoln’s view one that the nation must act according to God’s will and offer the rights to all individuals â€Å"who have prayed to the same Bible[10]. Although his arguments were yet again morally based and in touch with religion, he pointed out the necessity of considering slaves as human beings with the same God as white people. Overall, it can be said that the political background of Abraham Lincoln’s activity was important for the way in which he managed to construct his beliefs on the issue of slavery.Although at times he reduced the enthusiasm for the reco nsideration of the conditions of the black people, he tried to promote a new direction in the discussions on the matter by introducing the element of morality related to slavery. Towards the end of his presidency however he came to acknowledge the role slaves played in waging the Civil War, in winning it and most importantly the role they must have in healing the wounds of the new nation. Well organized and well written paper, but the absence of references for large section raises the question of academic honesty. Grade 8 4. BIBLIOGRAPHYAbraham Lincoln, The writings of Abraham Lincoln, V02 Ericson, David. The Debate Over Slavery: Antislavery and Proslavery Liberalism in the Antebellum America. New York: New York UP, 2000 Fehrenbacher, Donald, Abraham Lincoln, a documentary portrait through his speeches and writings, Stanford , California, 1964 Harold Holzer,Sara Vaughn Gabbard,Lincoln Museum (Fort Wayne, Ind. ), Lincoln and freedom: slavery, emancipation, and the Thirteenth Amendmen t, Southern Illinois University, 2007 Kenneth L. Deutsch, Joseph R. Fornieri, Lincoln’s American Dream – Clashing Political Perspectives, Washington, D.C. M. McPherson, James. How President Lincoln Decided to Issue the Emancipation Proclamation. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 37 (Autumn, 2002) The Avalon Project. â€Å"The Second Inaugural Address: Abraham Lincoln, 1865†. The Yale Law School Project http://www. yale. edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/lincoln2. htm 1/20/2012 7:41 PM The Declaration of Independence ———————– [1] The Declaration of Independence [2] Ericson, David. The Debate Over Slavery: Antislavery and Proslavery Liberalism in the Antebellum America.New York: New York UP, 2000, p. 157 [3] Abraham Lincoln, The writings of Abraham Lincoln, V 02, p. 82 [4]   Kenneth L. Deutsch, Joseph R. Fornieri, Lincoln’s American Dream – Clashing Political Perspectives, Washingt on, D. C. , p. 470 [5] M. McPherson, James. How President Lincoln Decided to Issue the Emancipation Proclamation. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 37 (Autumn, 2002), p. 108-109 [6] Fehrenbacher, Donald, Abraham Lincoln, a documentary portrait through his speeches and writings, Stanford , California, 1964, p. 1 [7] M. McPherson, op. cit. , p. 108 [8] Harold Holzer,Sara Vaughn Gabbard,Lincoln Museum (Fort Wayne, Ind. ), Lincoln and freedom: slavery, emancipation, and the Thirteenth Amendment, Southern Illinois University, 2007, p. 227 [9] The Avalon Project. â€Å"The Second Inaugural Address: Abraham Lincoln, 1865†. The Yale Law School Project, http://www. yale. edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/lincoln2. htm [10] IBIDEM ———————– ABRAHAM LINCOLN’S ATTITUDE TOWARDS SLAVERY AND EMANCIPATION ———————– Page8

Wild Beasts

A general life in demons as ambivalent spirits or aspects of God was an original part of Israel's theology which in later periods became separated into -?good spirits (angels) and evil spirits (demons). † (Anchor Bible Dictionary, Demons, p. 1) As history went on, the stories about these ambivalent spirits were embellished and evolved into tales of angels and demons. The language used to describe the demons is incredibly poetic and uses references to natural phenomenon. This context raises the issue of how poetic references to natural phenomena should be interpreted-?as literal references to the physical phenomena, as poetic humiliations or personifications, or as references to actual demons or deities. Translation in general of terms dealing with demons is problematic. Translations are influenced by many factors: philological evidence and trends, theology, and previous decisions regarding understandings of the term demon and proper ways to interpret each particular text.Identi fications and understandings of demons in the Old Testament are strongly influenced by the wider context within which demons are discussed; past contexts have included magic and witchcraft, popular religion, official patriotic rituals, poetic symbolism, and religious psychology. † (Anchor Bible Dictionary, Demons, p. 2) Since the words surrounding these spirits have so many references to nature, they were often associated with destruction and blamed for natural disaster. The most generally accepted understanding Is of demons as evil spirits who live In ruins and the desert and are responsible for Illness and natural disasters. † (Anchor Bible When I think of ruins, I think of destruction and decay. When I look at Gonzales demons, they look as If they themselves are crumbling and decomposing. He very destruction they are known to cause Is represented through their gruesome appearance.I feel that the aspect of nature Is represented In his organic use of the animal bones, t eeth, and horns. There are a few specific, annalistic demons that nave Eden place together tongue various texts Dye Interpreters: â€Å"wool Deadest, howling creatures, ostriches, hyenas, Jackals. (Longboat 1949: 41-43)† (Anchor Bible Dictionary, Demons, p. 2) The term â€Å"wild beasts† reminds me of those snarling devil heads, and I can't help but think Gonzalez was inspired by these annalistic demons himself.

Mallard Island Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mallard Island - Case Study Example The basis of the complaint stems from 1501 Teal Drive that has been entirely for the renters. The residents tracked many people going in and out of their neighbor’s house since the beginning of summer. The issue coming from this complaint is noise. The residents have complained of endless noise whole day. It is as if the residents are neighbouring the playground or a motel pool. This solution for rental issue is implementing restricting rentals in neighborhood. The restrictions need to be weekly rental on the residential areas (Johnson, 2014). To solve the issue, the members of the commission need to come up with a substantive recommendation that will be forwarded to the Town Council and the mayor. The best solution for the residents of this area is to set up rental restrictions for the residential streets but not the entire Ocean City. This will change the zoning in the entire neighborhood. Increasingly, there are 3875 residential zoning in Mallard Island. For the last 2 years, there have been issues of rental properties raised. A destination serving as a guidepost for Mallard Island is the case of ocean city. The residents are characterized as people who run their errand in the ocean city. According to the zoning code, a rental home should not house 4 unrelated people. The current issue is that some of the homes are housing a multi-family housing. The office has no means of confirming people who are unrelated or not. This is because there are few enforcement officers. The solution for this is recruiting more enforcement officers (Shane, 2014). The ocean city has also addressed property issues such as overcrowding, noise sanitation, building code violation, and overcrowding with the committee of Property Review and Enforcement Strategies for Safe-housing. The committee is represented from the finance department,

Le Corbusier and Modernism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Le Corbusier and Modernism - Essay Example Le Corbusier coined the modernism of architecture in Europe by introducing a utopian vision for the current society only to experience different opinions from residents of his buildings. Urbanism is a key strategy, which Le Corbusier adopted in the process of supporting modern architecture. For example, when the French was unable to handle the issue of the increase in the number of Parisian slums, Le Corbusier focused on developing effective ways of housing several people as a key response strategy towards increase in the urban housing crisis (Vrahimis 75). His believe was that the modern architectural forms would contribute in providing quality life for the lower class individuals in society. The 1922 Immeubles Villas depicts one of his structures, which had several large blocks stack in a cell-like manner for individual apartments in plans of a kitchen, bedrooms, living room and garden terrace (Betsky 95). Le Corbusier also focused on urbanizing the entire cities with modern architectural forms, which transformed the societies into higher economic levels while enjoying high standards and efficient environments. During the industrialization process, Le Corbusier contributed scholarly by advocating for modernization of the society. This was in the journal L’Esprit Nouveau where Le Corbusier claims that there was a need to have a social transformation, which would ensure that the environment in society was efficient. He claimed that transformation would overcome the revolution spectre, which would contribute in the attainment of a shake society (Evenson 7). However, Le Corbusier has received several criticisms on his idea for modernity in architecture. Such are based on the variance of the architectural values and the associated aspects, which create differences in modern architecture. Some critics, such as Lewis Mumford argued that skyscrapers that were the work of Le Corbusier existed because of technological possibilities, but not any

Thomas edison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Thomas edison - Essay Example the day of his birth to have the commitment of trying more than a thousand times to light that luminous bulb, which unlocked the avenues of modern era of the human race. This calls for a tribute to this dedicated and triumphant inventor who brightened the world with his new source of light. Therefore, today, I will try to put some light on the life and achievements of this great inventor, Thomas Alva Edison as a personal way of giving honor and respect to him. This great inventor of the millennium, surprisingly, was unable to talk until his age of four (MacLeod & Krystoforski, pp. 11-14). However, since the age of four, family observed a miraculous change in Edison as he began to talk with keen interest and trying to know almost everything that existed around him. Although family members appreciated his interest, however, this created problem for his teachers as they gradually started taking Edison as a hyperactive and jumbled child. However, nobody knew that this child would be gifting one of the most precious gifts to the human civilization in future. Although this may sound funny, but Thomas once tried to try his luck in the acting before he began to test his invention; however, he was extremely shy person that inclined him to drop this idea. Nevertheless, he continued his fondness for reading and poetry that one often sees in a scientist or an inventor, and that is one of the extraordinary aspects of this great inventor. One more surprising thing about Edison was that at one stage, he began to dislike physics theories of Newton due to confusing terms; however, this even did not lessen his love for sciences (MacLeod & Krystoforski, pp. 23-27). This love for sciences and reading habits helped him a lot in understanding different scientific theories in his own way, another factor inclined him towards creating his own inventions. Belonging to a middle-class family, Thomas always felt the absence of a financial supporter, and for that, he put enormous efforts

Wk 5 Assignment Marketing and Operations Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wk 5 Marketing and Operations - Assignment Example shorts boost self confidence by reducing visibility of excess skin, reducing grip on the body giving comfort, a sex/sporty look, supporting the body and conveying a slimmer look. Moreover, our sales persons are readily available to make deliveries and assist with any product issues. Blog language and Design: use of key marketing works such as supports the body, comforts, gives a sexy, sporty and slimmer look and boosts self confidence in women. The design involves different colors fancied by women, fashions and also uses the language of sport, fashion and style. The website is developed with the target market in mind and thus has the features that attract the targeted audience. We will continuously maintain and update the site in order to for it to have current information at any time. Customers will be able to make orders online, sign up for updates on products, listen to or stream our videos, chat with us live and access our micro blogs. Main objectives are to drive traffic, collect customer feedback, avail product information to customers, give real time solutions to customer enquiries, and collate customer contact details and ultimately to communicate. We will use SEO and SEM to grow traffic through graphic displays, mobile device marketing and integrating social media. We will grow sales through sales generation and nurturing of the leads and optimization of conversations. SEO and SEM will also be used to generate results and analyze and evaluate results. The newsletter will contain such as appreciation to the customer as a business partner, explanation of the companies mission and values that are behind our products. Customers will also be given opportunity to know the persons behind the products and also request for their feedback on products. We will send the newsletters every time we have launched a new product and at the end of quarters just to engage customers and get suggestions for improvement. The mailing list will be built by software that

Cellular Mobile Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cellular Mobile Communications - Essay Example However, the question â€Å"how cell phone works† emerges in the minds of people (Brain, Tyson and Layton). The main intention of this research is to discuss and provide a detailed analysis of the new cellular telephony technology, mobile communication principles, cellular system architectures, and cellular system components that participate in establishing cellular mobile communications. Brain, Tyson, & Layton (2009) stated that it is a really interesting fact that cellular mobile communication technology is an advanced form of radio. In other words, it can be said that new mobile phones are very complicated radio; however it is not a radio. In addition, Alexander Graham Bell invented the present telephone system in 1876, and Nikolai Tesla invented the wireless communication technology and radio in 1880s. However, it was simply natural that telephone and wireless communication technology have been combined to presently offer us a great technology and communication advantage (Brain, Tyson and Layton; Hagn and Markwitz; Turban, Leidner and McLean). The fundamentals of mobile and cellular technology employ the traditional radio spectrum using the mobile system operators for offering the mobile services.  However, the mobile technology spectrum is normally recognized as a scarce resource.   In addition, it has conventionally been shared by different industries, such as mobile communications, broadcasting and the military. In 1993, at the World Radio Conference (WRC), the radio spectrum sharing intended for 2G mobile were decided based upon on expected expansion at the time.   In addition, at the World Radio Conference 2000, the declarations was passed regarding the enhancement in the spectrum and capacity to be employed for 3G, by permitting the utilization of present 2G radio spectrum blocks intended for 3G mobile technologies as well as offering and allocating 3G spectrum to an higher limit of 3GHz (ITU; Gupta and

Financial Management & Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Management & Analysis - Essay Example Since a business organization is susceptible to changing economic condition, changing consumers' choice, availability of alternative products in the market, its operational and marketing aspects of performance is dynamic in nature. This non static feature of the functional activities makes capital structure planning one of the most challenging tasks. (Brealey and Myers, 2002) Debt and equity financing vary due to several factors. Since equity entitles one to ownership it demands greater degree of accountability and a much higher degree of risk appetite. On the other hand debt does not give any ownership right and demands relatively lower degree of risk. Debt financing gets some advantage from the standpoint of taxation. In real business situation due to varying degree of complexity associated with payment patterns and more importantly the paying capability, different debt instruments are constructed. A very high degree of dependence on equity financing does not allow the firm to take the advantage of tax benefit; on the other hand too much dependence on debt makes the firm vulnerable to buyout. The buyout threat can come from many ways. For instance, due to very low payment of dividend the share holders may no longer be interested in the continuation of the situation and instigate hostile takeover by other firms. The other type of threat can come in case the company faces default risk. (Brealey, and Myers, 2002) When the firm is unable to maintain a good credit history i.e. a record of timely repayment of interest and principle to the lenders - its possibility of managing a good lender becomes more and more difficult. Higher degree of uncertainty associated with the firms repayment virtually forces it to take loan with several bitter clauses like higher rate of interest, higher sensitivity of term with rate i.e. the firm has to 'buy' duration of the loan payable at a higher cost of interest. So dependence on debt also triggers the exposure to risk. This is the reason for which a leveraged firm (a highly debt dependent firm) usually have high-risk indicating parameter, commonly known as beta. Beta determines the company's risk exposure with respect to overall market. People will take additional risk if and only if they are proportionately paid i.e. paid something more than that they could have got without taking any additional risk. So more the risk involved, in repayment more will be the cos t of debt. So it is very important to determine what fraction of capital will be through equity financing and what fraction will be through debt financing. Optimum capital structure can said to be that combination of debt and equity financing that will maximize their combined positive effect and minimize the negative ones. So the importance of capital structure cannot be overstated for the sustainability of the organization. The financial health of Jessops, the photography retailer of UK is going through a critical stage due to several reasons. Entry of low cost substitute products and overall economic slowdown are the two main apparent reasons behind it. (Jessops: Reports and Accounts", 2008) It is prevalent from the financial structure of the company that it is a debt ridden company. The debt to equity ratio is found out to be around -3.67. Debt-equity ratio is measured by the following formula: total liabilities/ total assets. Here total liabilities is '

Did the Expatriate Nurses Training Program enhance staff satisfaction Essay

Did the Expatriate Nurses Training Program enhance staff satisfaction and reduce burnout - Essay Example important to not the reason why the evidence based practice is applicable in hospitals in order to improve the quality of enhancing and care for the satisfaction of nurses in the reduction of burnout. There is a time when the University of Pennsylvania embarked on a research titled Maslach Burnout Inventory where the nurses were analyzed in relation to job related issues such as attitude. A comparison was done on the percentages found on burnout nurses in relation to catheter associated urinary tract infections and surgical site infections. They results showed that there was an increase in the number of burnout nurses in every additional CAUTI while there was an addition of nurse in every two SSIs in relation to 1000 patients. Looking at the numbers from one angle it would be said that it is not a big deal (Beyea & Slattery, 2006). However, reports indicate that the cost of dealing with these cases include $749 to $832 for each case involving CAUTIs. At the same time, it would cost $11,087 to $29,443 for each case involving SSIs. This number can be reduced. In case the number is reduced by 30 percent, it is discovered that there will be prevention of 4,160 cases of infections making it possible for the institution to save $41 million. Evidence based practice otherwise known as EBP is a practice, which is recommended by the medical practitioners in improving the working conditions of the nurses. The main determining factor that makes the practice to be applicable is through integration of various aspects. The first issue involves the opinions indicated by the clinical expertise. This also involves evidence from external scientists (Kim & Mallory, 2014). These aspects are also applicable to caregivers, patients and clients who are on the verger of ensuring that the quality of services being delivered is of high quality. These services are expected to reflect the interest of the entire stakeholders involved in the medical practice. These can be in the form of

Parenting Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Parenting - Coursework Example In my local park, I did made observations of how different parents interacted with their children. Some did this really well, while others did this poorly. There were two major incidences of parent-child interactions, which struck me the most. One was a case of good parent-child interaction, and the other was one of a poor parent-child interaction. In the first instance in my local park, there was a mother and his son. This was a boy, who was close to seven years of age, while his mother seemed to be in her early thirties. These two were relaxing, lying down, after having had some fun in the park. At some point, the young boy saw another family eating ice cream, so he asked his mother to buy ice cream for the two of them too. The mother ignored, but the boy persisted to ask her. This angered his mother, and she started yelling at the young boy. â€Å"You want ice cream, you are already fat, and ugly like your daddy. You want to get fatter and uglier? Do not be a loser, like your dad dy. And please, leave your mommy alone, she needs some peace.† The boy covered his face immediately, and started crying, calling her mother. This gave me the impression that the mother was interacting inappropriately with her son. Yelling at the young boy, calling him fat and ugly, and comparing the young boy to his father, was so wrong for a mother to do to her young son. In the second scenario, I observed a father and his daughter, having some good father-daughter time. The daughter was about five years of age, beautiful and playful. The father appeared to be in his late twenties. These two were playing around, laughing, and generally having fun. Suddenly, the young girl saw an airplane up in the sky. She stopped running and told her dad how much she loved planes, and that she wanted to fly one in future. The father smiled at her broadly, and told her that she was as smart as him and her mother, and that he will support her fully, to ensure she achieves her dream of being a pilot. â€Å"You are a smart girl, and nothing can stop you from achieving your dreams in life,† the father told his daughter. The little girl was impressed, and hugged her father, thanking him, and telling him how he is the best father in the world. This was a beautiful thing to me, and I thought that this was a perfect father-daughter interaction. When I become a parent, I will interact with my child on different levels and in various situations. The people, who will observe me interacting with my child, will judge me differently. I am thinking of a scenario where I am at the mall with my child, doing some shopping. Maybe I have bought my baby some candy, but she insists on having more. I refuse to grant her wish by not buying her more candy. When she starts crying in the mall, I calm her down, and explain to her why too much candy is not healthy for her. I give her the health risks of too much candy and other sweet snacks, and junk food in general. She then cools down, and we get out of the mall, without her having the number of candies she wanted. In this case, people who would have observed us would have different views and judgment of how I treated my daughter. Some would think that as a parent, I did the right thing by denying my daughter more candy, because of its health risks. To them, this means I want the best for my daughter, and that I care much about her health, and well-being. On the other hand, some would consider me a mean parent. To them, a parent should not make

Looking at the social comments Bennett Essay Example for Free

Looking at the social comments Bennett Essay For I could easily afford to keep my mother and wife too. This conveys that from Phillips point of view, women are the responsibility of men and this also reflects his upbringing as through the environment he has been brought up in, he has gained the arrogance of being able to believe that he is higher than women and that women to him, are something that must be brought in order to look after or keep them. Bennett stereotypes the arrogance of men in society through the assumptions that Phillip makes about his mother. This is shown as when in the text Phillip comes to know that dinner was set for three; he immediately thought that it was something to do with him, that his fianci e Agnes was arriving he did not consider the fact that the guest could be for his mother. By presenting Phillip like this, Bennett is suggesting that Phillip is portraying the arrogance of the male in society; However, Phillip can not be blamed for his attitude towards women in society as he was merely acting of the confines of the social rules within the society that he was brought up in at the time. This is shown as at the end of the story, Phillip realises that the arrogance he was brought up with was wrong as when Phillip realises that his mother is engaged, he states I had never thought of my mother as a woman with a future. By saying this, Phillip admits that his views were not necessarily correct as he never thought his mother had a future or a life of her own but after hearing the news of the engagement from his mother and Mr Nixon, he realises that he was wrong and admits this by simply stating we live and we learn. Through news of the engagement Bennett shares the views of Phillip towards the relationship between him and his mother, leaving the reader to assume that Phillips mother has an unfair status within society and that her views are different to those of her sons views. This is shown as Phillip wouldnt share his personal matters with his mother, he tells the reader this by stating .. you cant write even to your mother.. In cold blood: I think Agnes likes me by saying this, Phillip is implying that his mother and him do not have a close relationship as he cant tell his mother about his engagement, he also shows that his mothers opinion doesnt count or matter as he states she might be a little bit hurt just at first . Here, Bennett insinuates to the reader that Phillip has been brought up to be independent enough to perform personal matters without involving his mother as she isnt very important to him; although he believes that he means everything to his mother as he is the only man in her life. However, nearly to the end of the story, the reader comes to know that Phillips mother feels exactly the way towards Phillip as he does towards her, this is shown as Mr Nixon states .. she couldnt have well written, My dear Phillip, an old friend, Mr Nixon, is falling in love with me and I believe Im falling in love with him. .. . This proves that Phillips mother is also a product of her environment as she also implies that she believes her sons opinion does not count or matter and that he does not need to be involved in her personal matters. This is very ironic as at the start of the story Phillips environment lead him to believe that he couldnt write in a letter to his own mother that he is getting engaged then, in the end, Phillip learned that his mothers environment also lead her to believe that she couldnt write in a letter to her own son that she is getting engaged, this changed Phillips views as he realises the irony and the views that his society and environment brought him to believe he admits his mistake by simply stating we live and we learn. Bennett simply comments on society, inferring simple messages such as we live and we learn, he does not criticise society through his stories, unlike Charles dickens, who sends highly critical messages across about society through his famous stories such as a Christmas carol and Oliver! . Bennetts stories are inferred comments about social and historical issues and how they are or should change, he explores the upbringing and status of the characters in news of an engagement and implies the change in society after the main character realises the irony of the relationship between him and his mother.

The Roles Of An Early Tears Practitioner Young People Essay

The Roles Of An Early Tears Practitioner Young People Essay Caring for children looks at the range of settings and providers that care for children across the private, voluntary and independent sectors. The following report outlines the care needs for children. Collate evidence which describes the role of the practitioner in caring for children The role and responsibilities of an early years practitioner follow a number of codes of practice and state how you conduct yourself. When working with children a number of codes of practices exist. Such as Special needs, Safeguarding children, Childrens learning, Behaviour, Working with parents, Data protection etc. The early years practitioner has clear responsibilities, like Work to the principals of the sector and codes of confidentiality Meet learning needs of a child Provide an environment that is warm, welcoming and stimulating Work with parents and partners Work as part of a team that provides a quality service for both children and parents The early years practitioner has to: Put needs of children first because this will help keeping children out of harm, keep them safe and encourage them to meet the standards for there abilities. Respect others choices -If you do not this could cause friction between staff members and can reflect on the setting and onto the children. Respect confidentially It is important to respect confidentiality as it can help a child stay out of trouble, keep them safe and help them. Plan, record and review This is important as it can help you improve. It can help you notice your strengths and weaknesses. This also helps when doing activities where you can see what event went well and what did not, how you could do things differently and may allow you to handle a situation differently It is important to demonstrate responsibility as it helps the children learn right and wrong and it is partly your responsibility to teach them this and they may treat you as a role model. Also partnerships with parents. This is also important as then you can learn about a child, their likes and dislikes, etc. It will also help build relationships with parents so they know they can trust you. Continuing Professional Development is important as it shows you want to be the best that you can be. It also shows you are very interested in making the children be the best they can be and that you are dedicated in doing that. Observing children helps you recognise stages of the Childs development. This can help recognise where a childs needs are, where they need extra help, etc Lastly working as a team as this helps create a positive environment for everyone to work in and also help people feel included and this will help with self-confidence. E2 Collate information about how care for children may be provided within families and society E3 Include evidence which compares the differing roles of statutory, private, voluntary and independent settings. Many parents adapt to changes in their lives and usually have the support of family and friends to provide assistance. Many families however can face issues that affect the family life and often need support to help them. Such factors like: Financial Difficulties Low income families Cannot afford food or clothes Poverty, poor health and depression Poor housing, etc Unemployment Loss of jobs, no income Depression Changing jobs / Mother working Loss of child care Separation of child from mother Divorce and separation Lower income Smaller housing / cramped conditions Caring for other family members / long term illnesses Elderly relatives Hospital Bereavement Emotional strain Dealing with grief Social isolation No communication No transport Living in a new area no friends, etc. Children and families need support at certain times and there are many organisations and self help groups that can provide this support. Such as National Childbirth Trust, National Association of Toy and Leisure Libraries, Child Poverty Action group, Home Start, Parentline plus, Gingerbread, contact a family, etc. There are many different settings where children can be cared for such as Respite Care, Holiday play schemes, Parent and toddler groups, Schools, Workplace nurseries, Childminders, Pre-schools, After school clubs, Residential care, Day nurseries and Crà ¨ches Usually the main support group is within the family network such as grandparents and Aunties and Uncles. There are four different types of Sectors that provide care and education for children. They are; Statutory Sector Voluntary Sector Private Sector. Independent A Statutory Sector is a Sector that has to be there by law, so dentist, local schools and hospitals are part of this. Local schools have to be there by law and get some funding by the government. The age range that schools cover is from five years to eleven years olds; they follow a set routine where reception covers the EYFS and then year one to year six covers the national curriculum. Schools are open from nine oclock in the morning to half three in the afternoon, from Monday to Fridays, term times only. This means that schools are closed at Christmas, Easter, summer and half terms. Schools are in easy access areas, where there is enough space for an outside play area for example the playground and indoor space, for example somewhere to do P.E. A local school can be adapted, for example ramps for people with disabilities and for people to find it easy to access the school. A local school should also include snacks; they should be healthy snacks like fruit and vegetables. They shoul d also include toileting times for the children. Statutory Schools are usually free except payment for school dinners, school trips and some snacks. The aim of a Statutory Sector School is to provide opportunities of education for every child and to support their learning also making a safe and secure environment for children to keep them from harm. Another aim is to provide social opportunities for the child this will include learning to make friends, learning to socialise with people, learning the difference between adults and children and learning to respect others. It may also provide opportunities for the family by meeting new parents so they are making new friends and it may also prove as support for families as they might find people to rely on and also some services though school to help support them. A Voluntary Sector is a sector, which people volunteer to organise and run, so mother and toddler, brownies and Pre school groups are apart of this. Mother and toddler groups are usually for children age two to four years. The mother and toddler groups are usually opened from nine to eleven thirty in the mornings or half one till three in the afternoon. These kinds of organisations are usually placed in a church or community hall, which arent necessarily built for the use of children. The staffs are usually parents themselves but the person in charge of the organisation must have a level three childcare qualification. The organisation may ask for a small donation each week, approximately  £3:50 a week to cover the basic cost of the booking of the hall and also for lighting and water bills. The area in which the organisation is situated may not have an outdoor area for the children to play out in, the organisation should also follow the EYFS curriculum where children will learn through play and the space may also be Ofsted inspected. The main aim of a mother and toddler group is to provides short term care of young children to give a parent or carer a little time to themselves and also to give young children stimulation and also play and social opportunities. Another main aim is to get children ready for school or nursery. Another way is to create social opportunities for the parent or carer of meeting new people while helping out with the organisation or just dropping off their child at the group. A Private Sector is a sector, where people pay extra to try and get the best of their childs education or health and also their own. When you use a private day nursery you are charged for using them, you are approximately charged  £150 a week to use the services. These nurseries are open from 8 am 6 pm all year except bank holidays, the age range for these nurseries are usually from six weeks old up until five years. They also provide all meals, breakfast, dinner and tea and also snacks; they also have sleep facilities, indoor and outdoor play areas for children to play in. The building may not be purposely be built for the children but will be adapted for the children to provide their size facilities. All the members of staff will fully qualified, managers and rooms leaders must be at least level three or level two trained. Ofsted will also inspect the building and the staff to check if its safe and also to check if they are following EYSF curriculum. The aim of a private day nursery is to provide safe and secure environment for children to keep them from harm for children in absence of parents or carer and also to provide opportunities of education for every child and to support their learning. Another aim of the private day nursery is to provide stimulating environment with bonding with other children and also to provide learning through play and also opportunities. Another aim may be to allow employment opportunities for parents or carers and knowing a child is in a secure place and is cared for. An independent sector are companies with more freedom to organise their provision. Their services may not rely on government funding and does not have to follow the EYFS or the National Curriculum. However the service may be OFSTED inspected to make sure childrens welfare needs are being met. Services of independent provision include independent schools and nurseries. E4 Include a summary of the main regulations that govern the care of children in different types of settings. The following is legislation that relates to working with children in a childrens centre:- Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Race Relations Act (1976) Human Rights Act (1998) Data Protection Act (1998) Disability and Discrimination Act (2004) The legislation can influence working practices in the childrens centre by:- At all times complying with the Data Protection Act 1998. No discrimination by it against any person with respect to opportunity for employment, conditions of employment or delivery of the Services because of sex, marital status, race or disability. The Childrens centre shall in all matters arising comply with the provisions of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995, the Human Rights Act 1998, and the Sex Discrimination Act 1975, etc. The centre must comply with the provisions of the Race Relations Act 1976 and the Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 and make sure that they perform their responsibilities, to eliminate unlawful racial discrimination, and to promote equality of opportunity and good relationships between different racial groups. The centre should be responsible for and take all such precautions as are necessary to protect the health and safety of all persons employed by it and should comply with the requirements of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and any other Acts or Regulations relating to the health and safety of employed persons. Human Rights Act 1998. It gives further effect in the UK to rights contained in the European Convention of Human Rights. The Care Standards Act 2000 and the Regulations and National Minimum Standards set out the responsibilities of agencies and carers in promoting the health of children who are looked after. The Education Act 2002 Local authorities and schools where requires to protect and safeguard and promote the welfare of children. This included health and safety, child protection and the overall well being of children. The Every Child Matters and Children Act 2004 The Children Act 2004 introduced a new duty (section 10) to co-operate at a strategic level on local authorities, Primary Care Trusts and other relevant childrens services partners. The act is to protect children and promote welfare and well being of children.Being healthy: enjoying good physical and mental health and living a healthy life style. Staying Safe being protected from harm and neglect. Enjoying and Achieving getting the most out of learning and life, and developing skills for adulthood. Making a positive contribution being involved in community and society and not engaging in anti-social or offending behaviour. Economic well being not being prevented by economic disadvantage from achieving their potential Other legislation that helps the health and well being of children is shown below. Meggitt. C. (pg 249-251) The Children Act 1989 provides care and protection of all children and young people in need, including those living away from home. Local authorities have a specific duty under section 22 of the Act to safeguard and promote the wellbeing of each child they look after. The Children and Young Persons Act 2008 amends the Children Act 1989; support the care system and putting in place the structures to enable children and young people to receive high quality care and support. The Mental Health Act 2007 amended the Mental Health Act 1983. It requires hospital managers to ensure that patients aged fewer than 18 admitted to hospital for mental disorder are accommodated in an environment that is suitable for their age (subject to their needs). This is due to be fully implemented in 2010. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 generally only affects people aged 16 or over and provides a framework to empower and protect people who may lack capacity to make some decisions for themselves, for example, people with dementia, learning disabilities, mental health problems, stroke or head injuries who may lack capacity to make certain decisions. E5 include 2 activities which will each support and maintain a different aspect of the daily care of children There are many different routines for children that can help them maintain a different aspect of daily care for children such as Hygiene Toilet time, washing hands, bed time and teeth cleaning, Mealtimes Sitting at the table and Sleep Routines: Daily routines vary depending where the child is being cared for. But promoting and supporting a childs independence and self care is also important and a childs self image and self esteem are vital to their overall wellbeing. However I have chosen the following as my chosen activities Shoe laces and Dressing weather appropriate. Activity One Shoe laces What is the activity? Teaching children to tie their laces by making a personalized shoe. (the children decorate it themselves) with laces for them to practice. What do you have to do? Adults role help the children learn to tie their laces Childs role learn to tie their laces and keep practicing How does this promote independence? It helps them learn to tie their laces so adults dont have to do them How does it promote daily living? It helps children tie their laces so they can do it daily and at their convinence What areas of learning does it promote? Intellectual, Physical and Emotional Is it fun? Yes especially the decorating Is it important? Yes Why? Because it is a basic skill for every day living What age? 4- 5 years of age Can you break it down to make it easier? N0 not really Can the activity be extended? No Activity two Dressing weather appropriately What is the activity? Dressing up a doll in appropriate clothes to go outside and play in, which will keep them warm and dry depending on the weather What do you have to do? Adults role help the children learn how to dress appropriately Childs role to be able to dress the doll properly and wear weather appropriate clothes themselves. How does this promote independence? It helps them dress properly thrmselves without being told what to wear and they choose what they want. How does it promote daily living? It helps children dress appropriately and to keep warm so that they dont become ill and that we do it everyday What areas of learning does it promote? Intellectual, Physical, Emotional and Health Is it fun? Can be Is it important? It can be Why? It stops the child from becoming ill and keeps them comfortable with what they wear and do What age? 4- 5 years of age (pre-school) Can you break it down to make it easier? N0 not really Can the activity be extended? Yes broken down into holiday (warm weather clothing), wet weather clothing, winter (cold weather clothing) E6 include an explanation of the key issues which enable multi-professional teams to work together. Multi professional approach allows professionals share knowledge about a family needs so that the parents dont have to ask the same questions over and over again. The professionals are aware of each others roles in supporting the family so that conflicting advice can be minimise. It is essential that each agency communicates well and understands not only there role and responsibilities but the others agencies as well. Parents/guardians are the most important people in a childs life, and recognise the importance of this. We have a responsible role that involves sharing care of the child with parents/guardians; listen to parents/guardians, as they are the expert on their child. Respect will be shown for family traditions and childcare practice, and will work in harmony with the values and wishes of the parents. Partnerships with other agencies benefit children, for example Speech and language therapists for children with hearing and language difficulties -This could include sign language or English as a second language. Bereavement management play therapist, Educational psychologist to assess behavioral needs and bring about positive behavior in a child. Sensory impairment such as Limited vision, Hearing disorder or Speech problems. Also Dietary, Religious or Learning needs This is to ensure that all the needs of the individuals / children are met and they develop to their full potential. These partnerships do have an important role to play in ensuring that childrens experiences and learning are maximized. Tassoni pg 237 A multi professional approach when working with children and parents is important as it helps children not to slip through the net. Communication is the biggest part of the multi professional team, as everyone needs to know what is going on. The multi professional approach team is made up of a lot of different agencies, they are agencies including Schools and teachers, Hospitals and doctors, Social workers, Police and many more. They all work together to help parents and children to stop tragic cases such as death, child abuse, etc. E8 Show an understanding of diversity and inclusive practices Recognising diversity is about recognising that children can come from lots of different backgrounds and family structures and this could be from the language they speak, culture and beliefs. Diversity means responding in a positive manner to differences, valuing all people. All children are citizens and have rights and entitlements. Children should be treated fairly regardless of race, religion or abilities. This applies no matter: what they think or say what type of family they come from what language(s) they speak what their parents do whether they are girls or boys whether they have a disability or whether they are rich or poor. All children have an equal right to be listened to and valued in the setting. Improving the physical environment physical aids to access education such as ICT equipment and portable aids for children with motor co-ordination and poor hand/eye skills. New buildings should be physically accessible to disabled pupils and will involve improving access to existing buildings including ramps, wider doors, low sinks, etc Improving the delivery of information to disabled children at nurserys or schools The information should take account of pupils disabilities and parents preferred formats and be made available Children should be treated fairly regardless of race, religion or abilities. This applies no matter what they think or say, what type of family they come from, what language(s) they speak, what their parents do, whether they are girls or boys or whether they have a disability or whether they are rich or poor. All children have an equal right to be listened to and valued in the setting and all children have a need to develop, which is helped by exploring and discovering the people and things around them. Some childrens development may be at risk, for example children who are disabled and those with special educational needs , those from socially excluded families, such as the homeless or those who live with a parent who is disabled or has a mental illness, children from traveller communities, refugees or asylum seekers and those from diverse linguistic backgrounds. All children are entitled to enjoy a full life in conditions which will help them take part in society and develop as an individual, with their own cultural and spiritual beliefs. Practitioners ensure that their own knowledge about different cultural groups is up-to-date and consider their own attitudes to people who are different from themselves. Children in the UK are being raised in a society with many sources of cultural diversity. Good early years practice needs to support this from the earliest months of babyhood. Practitioners need to work to create a positive learning environment. Play materials, books and other resources can be offered in a helpful way by reflecting on how young children learn about culture and cultural identity.   Diversity and inclusion is also linked to legislation such the Childrens Act 1989, SEN act 2001, Rights of Children 1989 and the Race Relations Act 1976. Also included is the Disability Act 2004. Children like experiencing food, music or dance forms that reflect their own family and neighbourhood experiences. Early childhood is a good time to offer opportunities that enable children to stretch beyond the familiar. Children can learn to appreciate cultural diversity in styles of art, craft, music and dance. All opportunities need to be well grounded in positive pride for the styles common in every childs own background.   E9 References Child Care and Education Tassoni. P. (2007). Heinemann (Harcourt Education Limited). Oxford , England Child Development Meggitt. C. (2006). Heinemann (Pearson Education Limited). Harlow, England Department of education and Skills (DFES) 2007 Early Childhood Studies, Willan, Parker-Rees, Savage: (2004) :Learning Matters ltd

Smoking Rates and Cessation Strategies in Hong Kong

Smoking Rates and Cessation Strategies in Hong Kong The investigation about the knowledge on the risk treatment of smoking among IVE student Group member: Au Wai Mei Au YikHin Chan Ching Yu Chan Cho Ping   Chan Chui Po   Chan Chun Sing   Chan Hiu Yee Fibby This literature can help us to clarify our project for investigate about knowledge of smoking among teenagers in IVE. Nowadays, smoking is common. Although the prevalence of smoking is decreased in recent years in HK, there is still lot of people especially teenagers smoking around us. Therefore, face this problem to reduce the rate of smoke. Prevalence of smoking in HK among teenager There were 707,900 current smokers at the time of enumeration, accounting for 11.8% of all persons aged 15 and over in Hong Kong. Of those 707 900 current smokers, 648 800 were daily smokers and 59 100 were non-daily smokers. In addition, there were 347 800ex-daily smokers who previously had a daily smoking habit, representing 5.8% of all persons aged 15 and over.Of the 645 000 daily cigarette smoker, analyzed by age group, 65.7% were aged 40 and over; 22.2% were aged 30 39; 10.7% were aged 20 29 and 1.3% were aged15 – 19((see Census and Statistics Department Hong Kong Special Administrative Region) Moreover, the daily cigarette smokers by age and daily consumption of cigarettes which is the 84.9à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ¦of the daily cigarette smokers consumed 1 10 cigarettes in a day in 15-19 of age group. Meanwhile, over 15à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ of the daily cigarette smokers consumed more than 10 cigarettes in a day of it group. So that, we know that the prevalence and the times of smoking per day(see ASH) On the other hand,our one of objectiveis to know the reason why of smoking among teens. We searched some literatures which show the most of reason is peer influence. The other one is out of curiosity because teenagers want to try something. Other commonly cited reasons included â€Å"influence of family members, necessity in social functionsandrefreshing one’s mindetc(see Why you smoke by Gloria Meyer). Therefore, this literature can help us to do some project for investigate about knowledge of smoking among teenagers in IVE. Risk factor Passive smoking Nowadays, a lot of people have smoking habit in Hong Kong. Therefore, it will make people always exposure passive smoking via their parent, friends or outdoor environment. A recent study stated that there are about 600,000 people death of second-hand smoking and 21,400 people was got lung cancer in 2004. [seeMattias O., 2011.] It can see that passive smoking is affected our health or even will die. Compare with other study, it stated that people exposed passive smoking before age 25 that will have higher lung cancer risk than after age 25 years. [seeKofi A.,2008] It can see that people who younger than age 25 will be higher risk to get lung cancer when exposing passive smoking. On the other hand, ischemic heart disease also is a higher risk in passive smoking, there are about 379,000 people death of this disease. [seeMattias O., 2011.] In addition, one of study stated that passive smoking is associated with a small increase in the risk of coronary heart disease. [seeJIANG HE.,1999] However, this study was done a new investigation in 2005, it stated that passive smoking is rapidly affect cardiovascular system and the effect is nearly as large as smoking .[see Joaquin B.,2005.] It can see that heart disease will become a serious problem about the risk of passive smoking. Cardiovascular disease Some people may think tobacco is a great invention and there are nearly one billion people smoking in the earth. However, Tobacco contains more than 7000 chemicals and many of them are toxic.(See Benjamin, R. B.,2010) World Health Organization asserted that â€Å"Tobacco kills nearly 6 million people each year†. (seeTobacco, n.d.) According to the article, the main disease caused by tobacco is cancer. In America, there are near 6.5 million of people deaths caused by Smoking-related cancers since 1965 to 2014.(see Koh,H.K.,2014) Tobacco smoking can cause cancer everywhere in the body and both men and women, such as kidney, liver, bladder, trachea cancer. Lung cancer is easy to find in the smokers and nearly 9 of 10 lung cancer cause by smoking. (seeLushniak, B. L. 2014). A study has found that smoking can increase the risk factors of myocardial infarction, stroke, sudden cardiac death, peripheral vascular disease and aortic aneurysm. (seeBullen, C. B. 2008). Although the tobacco can change the blood chemical and damage the cardio system, most of the patient can repaired the damage of cardio system after they have smoking cessation. 3.  Respiratory diseases Respiratory diseases of smoking can be divided into Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis.Smoking during pregnancy is strongly related to fetal growth impairment, reduced lung function at birth and subsequent development of asthma. In conclusion, both ETS and personal smoking were significantly related to asthma and wheeze in teenagers. (seeHedman al,2011) The development of asthma-like symptoms during a 6-year period was associated with three independent risk factors: hyperresponsiveness to methacholine, atopy, and smoking. Smoking behavior was related to airway lability, but not to atopy. (seeRasmussenet al,2000) Cigarette smoke in there more than 4000 kinds of chemical ingredients, including: nicotine, tar, a large number of toxic substances. Female smokers suffering from asthma was significantly greater than men. ( Rasmussenet al,2000) Smoking can irritate the trachea, narrowing the airway, making asthma symptoms worse. Cigarette smoke inhalation after airway, not only produces airway per manent contraction, so that they are narrow and can affect expectoration function. (see Gallagher al,2014) Prieto et al findings are in line with previous studies that demonstrated an increased responsiveness to methacholine and adenosine 5-monophosphate(AMP) in a proportion of nonsmokers with allergic rhinitis. Furthermore, smokers with allergic rhinitis have a higher prevalence of airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine, confirms the observations of the study of Buczko and Zamel.(see Prieto et al, 2003) Among children and adolescents, significant associations between both active and passive smoking and allergic rhinitis and allergic dermatitis, and passive smoking was associated with an increased risk for food allergy.(see Saulyte et al, 2014) Treatment Medication Medication therapy is an effective smoking cessation method. There are severalways to help smokers quit smoking. Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) is the most widely used. These medications that contain nicotine are called Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT). NRT delivers nicotine to the body without the dangerous chemicals found in cigarettes. NRT is available at the pharmacy without a prescription as a nicotine inhaler (Nicorette ® Inhaler), nicotine lozenge (Nicorette ®, Thrive ®), nicotine patch (Nicoderm ®) and nicotine gum (Nicorette ®). Nicotine lozenges Nicotine lozenges are absorbed through the cheeks. When the smoker has a cigarette craving, they can use the lozenges which come in different strengths and flavours. The smoker and the health care provider can decide what strength to start with based on the smoker withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine inhaler Nicotine inhaler replaces the nicotine the smoker will get in cigarettes and other tobacco products. This inhaler is a plastic mouthpiece that the smoker puffs on. Then, put a cartridge that contains nicotine into the mouthpiece and puff. In this treatment, the nicotine is absorbed through the cheeks and the back of the throat. It does not go into the lungs. When the smoker has a cigarette craving, it can use the inhaler. Nicotine gum Nicotine gum is using for quitting smoke. Nicotine gum needs for use more than 30 minutes. When you have a craving for tobacco dependency, you can use nicotine gum for replace cigarette. Using nicotine products can prevent unpleasant craving and withdrawal symptoms. So you can quit smoke step by step. Also there have some disadvantage of nicotine gum. Nicotine gum is not suitable for wear dentures and someone doesnot like the taste of the gum. Non-medication This part is considered with the aspect of behavior. According to the research article aboutNatural history of attempts to stop smoking that shown Cessation is a more chronic, complex, and dynamic process.(see Hughes.,2014) Base on this, we are consider with what type of self-behavior should be efficacy with smoke cessation. Then, the exercise plus contingency management had been decreased craving but it did not affect smoking behavior.(see Kurti.,2014) and self-efficacy has been representing an importance source of therapeutic change in smoking cessation counseling.(see Schuck.,2014) The above treatment are not the popular treatment of the smoke cessation. An intensive training program for behavioral health professionals increased tobacco treatment and patient quit attempts.(See Williams.,2014) Through combine with self-behavior and prescribing can increase the effect. The special point of this research is needed to hire a professional to provide training to smoker. But the medications are not use. In addition, the research present that the workplace are the related issue for the smoke cessation. The workplace has potential as a setting through which large groups of people can be reached to encourage smoking cessation.(see Cahil.2013) there is the area to encourage the smoker cessation. It is likely to smoking free area that can control the smoker no smoke in this area. Conclusion Smoking is common social issue in Hong Kong and there is lots of knowledge about smoking. For the risk of smoking and passive smoking both would affect respiratory and cardiovascular system in the body. Also, it is necessary that to encourage people to quit smoking. And there are lots of cessation ways to help people quit smoking. It includes medication and non-medication aspects. The important thing is the smoker should discuss the plans to quit smoking with the health care provider and pharmacist to assess the smoker health suitable use the treatment. References: Allen, H. (2012). Nicotine products. EMIS. Retrieved Oct 10, 2014, from http://www.patient.co.uk/medicine/Nicotine-products.htm ASH. (2014). Smoking statistics who smokes and how much. Action on smoking and health, 1-4. Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_106.pdf Asomaning, K., Miller, D. P., Liu, G., Wain, J. C., Lynch, T. J., Su, L., Christiani, D. C. (2008). Second hand smoke, age of exposure and lung cancer risk. Lung Cancer. 61(1), 13-20. Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2515267/ Barnoya, J., Glantz, Stanton. A. (2005). Cardiovascular Effects of Secondhand Smoke: Nearly as Large as Smoking. Circulation, 111(20). Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/111/20/2684.long Benjamin, R. B. (2010). A Report of the Surgeon General How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved Oct 4, from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/2010/consumer_booklet/pdfs/consumer.pdf Bullen, C. B. (2008). Impact of Tobacco Smoking And Smoking Cessation On Cardiovascular Risk And Disease. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 6(6), 883-895. Retrieved October 4, from http://www.cancernz.org.nz/Uploads/TobaccoHeartDiseasePaper.pdf Cahil, K., Lancaster, T. (2014). Workplace interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev., 1465-1858. Retrieved Oct 6, 2014, from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003440.pub4/pdf He, J.,Vupputuri, S.,Allen, K.,Prerost, M. R.,Hughes, J., Whelto, P. K. (1999). Passive Smoking and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease-A Meta-Analysis of EpidemiologicStudies. The New England Journal of Medicine, 340(12). Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199903253401204 Hedman, L.,Bjerg, A.,Sundberg, S.,Forsberg, B., Rà ¶nmark, E. (2010). Both environmental tobacco smoke and personal smoking is related to asthma and wheeze in teenagers. BMJ, 66(1). Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://thorax.bmj.com/content/early/2010/11/02/thx.2010.143800 Hughes, J. R., Solomon, L. J.,Naud, S., Fingar, J. R., Helzer, J. E. Callas, P. W. (2014). Naturalhistory of attempts to stop smoking. Nicotine Tob Res, 16 (9), 1190-1198. Retrieved Oct 3, 2014, from http://ntr.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=longpmid=24719491 Kenny, T. (2012). Pregnancy and Smoking. EMIS. Retrieved Oct 6, 2014, from http://www.patient.co.uk/health/pregnancy-and-smoking Kenny, T. (2012). Smoking The Facts. EMIS. Retrieved Oct 10, 2014, fromhttp://www.patient.co.uk/health/smoking-the-facts Kenny, T. (2012). Tips To Help You Stop Smoking. EMIS. Retrieved Oct 6, 2014, from http://www.patient.co.uk/health/tips-to-help-you-stop-smoking Kenny, T. (2013). Nicotine Replacement Therapy. EMIS. Retrieved Oct 6, 2014,fromhttp://www.patient.co.uk/health/nicotine-replacement-therapy Kenny, T. (2013). Nicotine Replacement Therapy. EMIS. Retrieved Oct 10, 2014, from http://www.patient.co.uk/health/nicotine-replacement-therapy Knott, L. (2013). Smoking Cessation. EMIS. Retrieved Oct 6, 2014, from http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/smoking-cessation-pro Koh, H. K. (2014). The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress A Report of the Surgeon General Executive Summary, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 13. Retrieved Oct 4, from http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/50-years-of-progress/exec-summary.pdf Kurti, A. N. Dallery, J. (2014). A laboratory-based evaluation of exerciseplus contingency management for reducing cigarette smoking. Drug Alcohol Depend. Retrieved Oct 3, 2014, from http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0376871614010746/1-s2.0-S0376871614010746-main.pdf?_tid=d35f9bf0-5343-11e4-9e1f-00000aab0f6cacdnat=1413251330_7f7ff077eae4b5b0ffff64d105eed529 Lam, T. S., Tse, L. A., Yu, I. T. (2008). Prevalence of smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure, and attitudes and beliefs towards tobacco control among Hong Kong medical students. ScienceDirect, 1-5. Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://www.sph.cuhk.edu.hk/mph/doc/TS Forrest Lam.pdf Lushniak, B. L. (2014). LET’S MAKE THE NEXT GENERATION TOBACCO-FREE Your Guide to the 50th Anniversary Surgeon General’s Report on Smoking and Health. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved Oct 4, 2014, from http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/50-years-of-progress/consumer-guide.pdf MCGHEE, S. M., CHEN, J., LAM, T. H., LAU, L., LAI, V. (2014). Expansion of Statutory Smoke-free Area and Tobacco Tax Raise. Tobacco Control Policy-related Survey 2012-2013. Hong Kong Council on Smoking and Health, 167-195. Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://www.cosh.org.hk/UserFiles/resources/about_us/annual_reports/COSH_Annual_Report_2013_2014.pdf Meyer, G., Baker, T., Fox, B., Smith, S., Fiore, M., Meyer, G., Redmond, L., Remington, P., Ahrens, D., Christianson, A. (2002). Why People Smoke. INSIGHTS: SMOKING IN WISCONSIN. Deb Christianson, 1-16. Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://www.ctri.wisc.edu/Publications/publications/WhyPeopleSmokefl.pdf Note: smoking cessation medication Oberg, M., Jaakkola, M. S., Woodward, A., Peruga, A., Pruss-Ustun, A. (2011). Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. The Lancet, 377, 139–146. Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/smoking.pdf Okuyemi, K. S.,Zheng, H.,Guo, H., Ahluwalia, J. S. (2010). Predictors of adherence to nicotine gumand counseling among African-American light smokers. J Gen Intern Med, 25(9), 969-976. Retrieved Oct 10, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2917663/ Polosa, R.,Knoke, J. D.,Russo, C.,Piccillo, G.,Caponnetto, P.,Sarvà  , M.,Proietti, L., Al-Delaimy, W. K. (2008). Cigarette smokingisassociatedwith agreaterrisk ofincidentasthmainallergic rhinitis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 121(6), 1428-1434. Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(08)00593-9/abstract Prieto, L.,Gutià ©rrez, V.,Uixera, S.,Bertà ³, J.M. (2003). Effectofcigarette smokingonairwayresponsivenesstoadenosine5-monophosphateinsubjectswithallergic rhinitis. Chest Journal, 123(4), 993-997. Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1081484 Rasmussen, F.,Siersted, H.C.,Lambrechtsen, J.,Hansen, H. S., Hansen, N.C. (2000). Impact of airway lability, atopy, and tobacco smoking on the development of asthma-like symptoms in asymptomatic teenagers. Chest Journal, 117(5), 1330-1335. Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1078840 Saulyte, J.,Regueira, C.,Montes-Martà ­nez, A.,Khudyakov, P.,Takkouche, B.(2014). Active or Passive Exposure to Tobacco Smoking and Allergic Rhinitis, Allergic Dermatitis, and Food Allergy in Adults and Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLSO, 11(3). Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001611 Schuck, K., Otten, R., Kleinjan, M., Bricker, J. B., Engels, R. C. (2014). Self-efficacy and acceptance of cravings to smoke underlie the effectiveness of quitline counseling for smoking cessation. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 142, 269-276. Retrieved Oct 5, 2014, from http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0376871614009600/1-s2.0-S0376871614009600-main.pdf?_tid=51a32126-5344-11e4-8f4b-00000aab0f6bacdnat=1413251542_34aea21f4d3dddca1699faa1a5ae933b Sheyab, N. A., Alomari, M. A., Shah, S., Gallagher, P., Gallagher, R. (2014). Prevalence, Patterns and Correlates of Cigarette Smoking in Male Adolescents in Northern Jordan, and the Influence of Waterpipe Use and Asthma Diagnosis: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(9), 9008-9023. Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/11/9/9008 Social Surveys Section. (2013). Thematic Household Survey Report No. 53.Pattern of smoking. Publications Unit of CSD, 8-33. Retrieved Oct 7, 2014, from http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B11302532013XXXXB0100.pdf Tobacco. (2014). Retrieved Oct 4, 2014, from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs339/en/ Williams, J. M., Miskimen, T., Minsky, S., Cooperman, N. A., Miller, M., Dooley Budsock, P., Cruz, J., Steinberg, M. (2014). Increasing Tobacco Dependence Treatment Through Continuing Education Training for Behavioral Health Professionals. Psychiatric Services, 10, 1176. Retrieved Oct 5, 2014, from http://ps.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=1906076

Rev. Arthur Dimmesdales Character in Nathaniel Hawthornes Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Character of Arthur Dimmesdale in The Scarlet Letter      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Scarlet Letter is a story of characters that have to live and deal with the effects of sin in different ways.   Of these characters, the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale is the character portrayed as the most weak and unnoble. Despite this portrayal Dimmesdale was a stronger character than given credit for.   His unbelievable amount of control in his way of handling his burdens displays his great sense of strength and intellect.         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We first see Dimmesdale portrayed as a nervous and sensitive individual. Despite his outer appearance, inside Dimmesdale is a very stable, strong person. Chapter Three states that he showed, à ¿nervous sensibility and a vast power of self restraint.à ¿Ã‚   While this seems to give Dimmesdale great strength, it is also his largest flaw.   His body refuses to do what his heart says is right. Dimmesdale instructs Hester to reveal the truth, but when she refuses he doesnà ¿t have the willpower to confess himself.   Therefore, his sin becomes even larger than hers, because while hers is an exposed sin.   He continues to lie to himself and his followers by keeping his secret hidden, so his is a concealed sin. Here Hawthorne shows us just how strong Dimmesdale actually is, by allowing him to hide his sin and bear the weight of it, he creates an extremely interesting and tremendously strong character.         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The scaffold is the place that Dimmesdale shows the amount of pain and self-loathing he is truly capable of concealing.   He realizes that he is as much at fault for Hesterà ¿s torment as any common villager, if not even more so. Seven years prior, Hester stood in this place and took the punishment for both of them while he quietly stood aside and led people to believe that he also condemned her.   During those long seven years he made no move to lessen her load or his own.   Now Dimmesdale has had all that he can bear and lets out a yell that draws the attention of fellow villagers.   He curses himself for his silence and cowardice.         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the scaffold in the chapter 23 the true sign of strength ids revealed.